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The Rapture of the Church - Part Four of Eight



by Dave Root, VividChristianity.com, last modified on 07/06/2024.


Introduction

In Part Four we'll examine what the apostle Paul meant when he said that the Rapture will take place "at the last trumpet."

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Background Information about Trumpets

Throughout this series we've seen that these passages describe the Rapture:
"For the Lord himself will come down from heaven, with a loud command, with the voice of the archangel and with the trumpet call of God, and the dead in Christ will rise first. After that, we who are still alive and are left will be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air. And so we will be with the Lord forever. Therefore encourage each other with these words." (1 Thessalonians 4:16-18)

"I declare to you, brothers, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God, nor does the perishable inherit the imperishable. Listen, I tell you a mystery: We will not all sleep [die], but we will all be changed - in a flash, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, the dead will be raised imperishable, and we will be changed. For the perishable must clothe itself with the imperishable, and the mortal with immortality." (1 Corinthians 15:50-53)
But what trumpet was Paul referring to in these passages?

Consider that throughout history, armies have used trumpets to signal Advance, Retreat, Commence Firing, Cease Firing, Assemble, Recall, and so on. Here are some examples:
"Signal musicians [who were] used as an integral part of a military organization appear first in the Roman Legion. These musicians, called aenatores, utilized a wide variety of trumpets, and signals were sounded on these instruments which the Romans inherited from the Etruscans. The Etruscans were superb metallurgists and smiths, and must have been skilled in the making of bronze or silver trumpets. A collection of forty-three signals were used in the Roman Army." (History of the Bugle Offsite Link, emphasis added)

"Their times also for sleeping and watching and rising are notified beforehand by the sound of trumpets, nor is any thing done without such a signal; and in the morning the soldiery go every one to their centurions, and these centurions to their tribunes, to salute them; with whom all the superior officers go to the general of the whole army, who then gives them of course the watchword and other orders, to be by them carried to all that arc under their command; which is also observed when they go to fight, and thereby they turn themselves about on the sudden, when there is occasion for making sallies, as they come back when they are recalled, in crowds also." (Roman Imperial armies and camps, as described by Josephus Offsite Link, emphasis added)

"The order "to advance" or "to retreat" was conveyed by the general to the trumpeters (tubicines; cf. II. xx. 3; VII. xlvii. 1-3); their signal was taken by the horn-blowers (cornicines), of whom there was one to each maniple. The notes of the instruments could be heard above the din of battle much more clearly than the orders of the officers.
On the march the standard was at the front, in battle near the rear, of the maniple. From the immediate association of the manipular standards with military movements arose several idiomatic expressions. Such are: signa inferre, 'to advance;' signa referre, 'to retreat;' signa convertere, 'to face about;' signa efferre, 'to leave camp;' ad signa convenire, 'to assemble.'" (The Roman Art of War in Caesar's Time Offsite Link, emphasis added)

Notice that the ancient Jews used trumpets in battle and for assembling:
"The LORD said to Moses: "Make two trumpets of hammered silver, and use them for calling the community together and for having the camps set out. When both are sounded, the whole community is to assemble before you at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting. If only one is sounded, the leaders - the heads of the clans of Israel - are to assemble before you. When a trumpet blast is sounded, the tribes camping on the east are to set out. At the sounding of a second blast, the camps on the south are to set out. The blast will be the signal for setting out. To gather the assembly, blow the trumpets, but not with the same signal. The sons of Aaron, the priests, are to blow the trumpets. This is to be a lasting ordinance for you and the generations to come. When you go into battle in your own land against an enemy who is oppressing you, sound a blast on the trumpets. Then you will be remembered by the LORD your God and rescued from your enemies."" (Numbers 10:1-9)

"Now all the Midianites, Amalekites and other eastern peoples joined forces and crossed over the Jordan and camped in the Valley of Jezreel. Then the Spirit of the LORD came upon Gideon, and he blew a trumpet, summoning the Abiezrites to follow him. He sent messengers throughout Manasseh, calling them to arms, and also into Asher, Zebulun and Naphtali, so that they too went up to meet them." (Judges 6:33-35)

"Abner called out to Joab, "Must the sword devour forever? Don't you realize that this will end in bitterness? How long before you order your men to stop pursuing their brothers?" Joab answered, "As surely as God lives, if you had not spoken, the men would have continued the pursuit of their brothers until morning." So Joab blew the trumpet, and all the men came to a halt; they no longer pursued Israel, nor did they fight anymore." (2 Samuel 2:26-28)

"Then Joab sounded the trumpet, and the troops stopped pursuing Israel, for Joab halted them." (2 Samuel 18:16)

"Then the woman went to all the people with her wise advice, and they cut off the head of Sheba son of Bicri and threw it to Joab. So he sounded the trumpet, and his men dispersed from the city, each returning to his home. And Joab went back to the king in Jerusalem." (2 Samuel 20:22)
This background information will be helpful in determining what Paul meant when he said that the Rapture will take place "at the last trumpet."


The Military Analogy

Here's 1 Thessalonians 4:16-17 again, in which Paul described the Rapture:
"For the Lord himself will come down from heaven, with a loud command, with the voice of the archangel and with the trumpet call of God, and the dead in Christ will rise first. After that, we who are still alive and are left will be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air. And so we will be with the Lord forever." (1 Thessalonians 4:16-17)
Bible scholars and teachers have pointed out the "military" nature of Paul's description of the Rapture. Notice that there will be a loud command, then there will be the voice of the archangel, then there will be a trumpet call, and then all Christians will rise to meet the Lord in the air. If you've ever watched a war movie that was set in the past, you'll easily recognize the military analogy in Paul's statement. In times past, the general gave a command during the battle (such as the command to Recall or to Assemble), then the command was repeated by an officer, then the bugler blew the signal (a specific series of notes), then the troops responded to the signal.

With that in mind, let's look at the Rapture in 1 Corinthians 15:51-52 again:
"Listen, I tell you a mystery: We will not all sleep, but we will all be changed - in a flash, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, the dead will be raised imperishable, and we will be changed." (1 Corinthians 15:51-52)
In the above passage, Paul told the Corinthian Christians that the Rapture will happen "at the last trumpet," but he didn't explain what he meant by "the last trumpet." Since Paul didn't explain this, then either he had already said something to the Corinthians about it, or else he was referring to something that they were familiar with.

In the previous chapter of 1 Corinthians, Paul said, "if the trumpet does not sound a clear call, who will get ready for battle?" (1 Corinthians 14:8). In battle, the first set of trumpet signals would be the call to arms (as in 1 Corinthians 14:8), and the last set of trumpet signals are for signaling the Recall and Assembly when the battle is over. So the last trumpet signal is not for doing battle, but instead it's for gathering the troops when the battle is over.

The Bible says that the Church (the body of Christ) is currently engaged in battle against the devil and his forces (e.g., Ephesians 6:10-18, 1 Peter 5:8-9, Philippians 2:25, 2 Timothy 2:3-4, Philemon 1:2, 2 Corinthians 6:7, 10:3-4, 1 Timothy 1:18). Therefore, it would make sense if there's a "Recall and Assembly" signal when the Church's time of battle is over. When our Sovereign issues the command, and the command is repeated by the archangel, and the trumpet signal is given, then we will be recalled and assembled to be gathered with the Lord and taken home to heaven. Later in this series we'll see why we will be taken into heaven at the pre-trib Rapture.

Since the ancient Jews and Romans commonly used trumpet signals in this way, and since Paul had earlier mentioned using trumpets in battle (1 Corinthians 14:8 as we saw), this easily explains why Paul didn't need to tell the Corinthian church what he meant by the expression, "at the last trumpet," in 1 Corinthians 15:51-52 (above).

If Paul had this military analogy in mind when he mentioned "the last trumpet," this by itself doesn't give us enough information to determine whether the Rapture will be pre-trib, mid-trib, or post-trib. It simply tells us that when the Rapture takes place, it will be preceded by a "Recall and Assembly" trumpet signal.


The Prophetic Fulfillment of the Feast of Trumpets?

Another possible meaning of "the last trumpet" is that it's the fulfillment of the ancient Jewish Feast of Trumpets.

Here are some things that Jewish Christian ministries say about the seven feasts of Israel. Pay particular attention to what they say about the Feast of Trumpets (Rosh Hoshanah) and the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur):
"First of all, we should briefly review the very meaningful first four feasts of Israel given in Leviticus 23. Passover occurs on the fourteenth day of the first month and Unleavened Bread during the next seven days. The Sunday of that week is First Fruits, and fifty days after First Fruits is Pentecost. Christians are familiar with this schedule and especially thrill to the fact that our Lord fulfilled each feast in the appropriate manner: He was crucified on Passover, buried on Unleavened Bread, raised on First Fruits, and sent the Holy Spirit at Pentecost. (The Lord will go on fulfilling the feasts with the Rapture on the Feast of Trumpets, the Second Coming on the Day of Atonement, and the setting up of the kingdom on the Feast of Tabernacles. This elegant and important Bible study is available in our book The Seven Feasts of Israel.)" (Zola Levitt Offsite Link, emphasis added)

"Passover brings to reality the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus through the truth of the Matzah Tash and the four cups. The Feasts of Unleavened Bread and the First Fruits are manifested and fulfilled on Easter Sunday morning!
These first three feasts proclaim Jesus' first coming while Shavuot (Pentecost) unveils the coming of the Holy Spirit
. In fact, compare Ezekiel 1, which is read today in synagogues during Shavuot, and Acts 2 for proof of this amazing truth.
Therefore, if the first three feasts were realized in the first coming of Jesus and the middle feast is proof of the Holy Spirit's arrival, then would it not seem obvious that the final three feasts might have something to do with Jesus' triumphal second coming? The Feasts of Trumpet (aka Rosh Hoshanah), Yom Kippur, and the Feast of Tabernacles are fall feasts. The Feast of Trumpets, specifically, is known for two items - the blowing of the Shofar and the reading of Genesis 22 regarding the binding and sacrifice of Isaac. The Shofar is blown to announce the arrival of a new year and the reading of Genesis 22 to remind the listener of the eternality of the Abrahamic Covenant.
The blowing of the Shofar brings to mind the promise of 1 Thessalonians 4 in which we are told that Jesus himself shall descend when the trumpet blows. The reading of Genesis 22 is not only another prophetic realization of Jesus' sacrifice but also reminds us that His second coming is not about death but about the fulfillment of the covenant promises of Genesis 12, 15, 17, and especially 22." (Tzedakah Ministries Offsite Link, emphasis added)

"The Feast of Trumpets is a major festival. The three major festivals are Passover, Pentecost and Feast of Trumpets. We know Passover represents the sacrifice of Christ, and Pentecost represents the coming of the Holy Spirit, so it stands to reason that the Feast of Trumpets represents a very special time.
The trumpet was the signal for the field workers to come into the Temple. The high priest actually stood on the southwestern parapet of the Temple and blew the trumpet so it could be heard in the surrounding fields. At that instant the faithful would stop harvesting, even if there were more crops to bring in, and leave immediately for worship service
(Levitt 1979, 12). The Feast of Trumpets could be either the Rapture or the Second Coming of Christ. You'll have to study and decide for yourself." (Messianic Significance of Rosh Hashanah Offsite Link, emphasis added)

"The forty-day season called Teshuvah (return or repentance) starts thirty days before the Feast of Trumpets, and is a shadow of God's prophetic plan. The entire ten days from the first day of the Feast of Trumpets through the Day of Atonement are known as the Days of Repentance or Days of Awe. The days between may be a picture of the tribulation. The days between the Feast of the Trumpets and Day of Atonement reflect the seven-year period of Jacob's Trouble. Alas! for that day is great, so that none is like it: it is even the time of Jacob's trouble; but he shall be saved out of it (Jer. 30:7). One theory divides the days as follows:
- The thirty days of the month of Elul - the Church
- The Day of the Feast of Trumpets - the Rapture
- The days between the Feast of Trumpets and Day of Atonement - Tribulation
- The Day of Atonement - the Second Coming
"
(Messianic Significance of Rosh Hashanah Offsite Link, emphasis added)

"In fact, what is traditionally called Rosh Hashanah, or Jewish New Year, is also called in the Scriptures Yom HaTeruah, which means the "Day of the Blowing of Trumpets."...This feast points forward to a time when Israel will be gathered back to the land (Isaiah 27:13). Also, it points to the time when the Body of Messiah will be gathered to her Lord in the Rapture (1 Corinthians 15:51,52; 1 Thessalonians 4:16-18)...Although resurrection is a concept taught throughout the Scriptures (Dan. 12:2), there is an aspect of the resurrection heralded by the Feast of Trumpets. The mystery is known as "The Rapture of the Body of Messiah." It is a reminder that one day the trumpet of God will sound, and we should always be ready to respond." (Word of Messiah Ministries Offsite Link, emphasis added)

"But while some Jews believe in an annual day of accounting for one's actions, for us the blast of the shofar [trumpet] at Rosh Hashanah is not just a call to repentance, but a reminder of Jesus' return. "For the Lord Himself will descend from heaven with a shout, with the voice of the archangel and with the trumpet of God. And the dead in Messiah will rise first" (1Thessalonians 4:16)." (Jews for Jesus Offsite Link, emphasis added)

"[the Day of Atonement will] be fulfilled by the seven years of Tribulation" (A Review of The Pre-Wrath Rapture of the Church, Dr. Arnold Fruchtenbaum, p.58, emphasis added)

"The entire ten days from the first day of the Feast of Trumpets through the Day of Atonement are known as Days of Repentance or Days of Awe. These days are possibly a picture of the Rapture (Feast of Trumpets), the Tribulation (days in between), and the second coming (Day of Atonement)." (Messiah in Yom Kippur Offsite Link, emphasis added)

"The "last trump" refers to the Feast of Trumpets and the Jewish practice of blowing trumpets at this feast each year. During the ceremony, there is a series of short trumpet blasts of various lengths, concluding with the longest blast of all, called the tekiah gedolah: the great, or "last trump." Judaism connected this last trump with the resurrection of the dead, and so does Paul. So, Paul's point here is that the Rapture will be the fulfillment of the Feast of Trumpets." (A Review of The Pre-Wrath Rapture of the Church, Dr. Arnold Fruchtenbaum, p.58, emphasis added. See also Maranatha Our Lord, Come, Dr. Renald Showers, p.264)
Those of us with a Gentile (non-Jewish) heritage tend to miss some of the nuances in the Bible because we don't have a strong grasp of the Jewish background of Scripture. Since we're now looking at the Messianic significance of the seven Jewish feasts, it's helpful to listen to ministries that understand the Jewish background of Scripture and know Jesus as the Messiah.

What we consistently find is that the first four feasts on the Old Testament Jewish calendar were fulfilled by Jesus in the order that they appear on the calendar, so it's reasonable to conclude that the remaining three feasts will also be fulfilled in the order that they appear on the calendar. God does not do things randomly or haphazardly, so there's a reason why He instituted the Jewish feasts in a specific order.

According to the Jewish Christian ministries above, the Rapture is the likely fulfillment of the Feast of Trumpets ("at the last trumpet," as Paul said). In addition, these ministries say that the seven-year Tribulation period (ending with the Second Coming) is the likely fulfillment of the Day of Atonement.

Since the Feast of Trumpets takes place before the Day of Atonement on the Jewish calendar, this strongly indicates that the Rapture will take place before the seven-year Tribulation begins.


The Seventh Trumpet Judgment?

Many people who hold the post-trib view believe that when Paul said that the Rapture will happen "at the last trumpet," he was referring to the seventh Trumpet Judgment (which we examined in Part Three of this series).

However, there are at least three major problems with this post-trib view. One major problem with this post-trib view is that those 21 judgments will take place consecutively, one after the other, as we saw. This means that after the seventh Trumpet Judgment there will be seven Bowl Judgments that need to be carried out before the Second Coming will take place. Therefore, the Second Coming (and the assumed post-trib Rapture) will not happen at the seventh Trumpet Judgment, so this post-trib view is in error.


Another major problem with this post-trib view is that in the first century, trumpet blasts had a number of different purposes as we saw earlier. For example, the following passage describes trumpet blasts for the purpose of gathering people together:
"To gather the assembly, blow the trumpets, but not with the same signal." (Numbers 10:7)
The following passage describes trumpet blasts when going into battle against an enemy:
"When you go into battle in your own land against an enemy who is oppressing you, sound a blast on the trumpets. Then you will be remembered by the LORD your God and rescued from your enemies." (Numbers 10:9)
So one purpose for trumpet blasts was to gather people to an assembly, and another purpose was for going into battle against an enemy.

With that in mind, take a look at the Rapture again:
"For the Lord himself will come down from heaven, with a loud command, with the voice of the archangel and with the trumpet call of God, and the dead in Christ will rise first. After that, we who are still alive and are left will be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air. And so we will be with the Lord forever. Therefore encourage each other with these words." (1 Thessalonians 4:16-18)

"Concerning the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ and our being gathered to him, we ask you, brothers and sisters" (2 Thessalonians 2:1)
In Part Three we saw that before Jesus returns at the Second Coming, He will bombard the devil's kingdom by means of the Seal Judgments, the Trumpet Judgments, and the Bowl Judgments. This means that the Trumpet Judgments are for the purpose of doing battle against an enemy. In contrast, 1 Thessalonians 4:16-18 (above) and 2 Thessalonians 2:1 (above) show that at the Rapture, all Christians will be gathered to an assembly where we will meet the Lord in the air.

Therefore, the trumpet at the Rapture has a different purpose than the trumpets during the Tribulation (the Trumpet Judgments), so the "last trumpet" in Paul's description of the Rapture is not the same as the seventh Trumpet Judgment in the book of Revelation.


Here's another major problem with this post-trib view. Paul said that on earth we only know things "in part" and we only prophesy "in part" (1 Corinthians 13:9, 12), which means that Paul himself did not receive a full revelation of things to come. Paul never described the 21 judgments of God's wrath, but instead these were revelations that were given to John in a vision, which John wrote down in the book of Revelation. Revelation is the only book in the entire Bible that describes the Seal Judgments, Trumpet Judgments, and Bowl Judgments.

Here are some things that Bible scholars say concerning the date when the book of Revelation was written:
"The Apostle John was banished to the Island of Patmos, probably by the Emperor Domitian, a.d. 95 or 96, and the book, composed either during his exile, or, as is more likely, after his return to Ephesus, contains the revelation given him there in a series of visions." (Vincent's commentary, emphasis added)

"Only two dates for the composition are named, (1.) that always assigned to it by the ancient church, near the end of the reign of the Emperor Domitian, which extended from A. D. 81 to A. D. 96, and (2.) that which has been urged by certain modern critics, the latter part of the reign of Nero, about A. D. 65-68...In one of his letters Irenaeus speaks to a fellow disciple of how intimate they had been with Polycarp and how often they had heard him tell of John the apostle, and how much they had been told of John by the aged saint who had once been under the instruction of the apostle. Hence it is apparent that Irenaeus must have known from Polycarp the leading facts of John's history, and especially the circumstances connected with his exile to Patmos. This witness, whose opportunity for knowing the facts is unquestioned, declares, "Revelation was seen no long time since, but almost in our generation, towards the end of the reign of Domitian" (A. D. 96). With this plain statement agree all the church fathers who speak of the subject, not only of the second century, but for three centuries. "There is no variation in the historical accounts. All statements support the conclusion that St. John was banished to Patmos by Domitian (A. D. 81-96) - some writers placing the exile in the fourteenth of his reign - and all agree that the Visions of which Revelation is the record were received in Patmos."...The historical conclusion is corroborated by convincing internal testimony. I condense from Godet's Bible Studies, second series, certain points which bear upon the question of Date: (1.) "The condition of the churches indicated" in the second and third chapters renders the early date improbable. These churches were not founded before A. D. 55-58. Paul wrote to two of these churches, Ephesus and Colosse, in A. D. 62 or 63; Peter wrote to all the churches of that region several years later still; Paul wrote his second letter to Timothy, at Ephesus, probably as late as A. D. 67; in these letters there is no hint of John being in that section of the world, or of the spiritual decay revealed in the letters to the angels of the churches of Ephesus, Sardis and Laodicea; yet this theory requires us to believe that not later than A. D. 68 or 69, John found these churches spiritually dead. There is no reasonable doubt but that the second and third chapters of Revelation describe a condition which could only have arisen a generation later than the date of Paul's last intercourse with these churches. (2.) Godet notes the fact that an ecclesiastical organization reveals itself in the seven churches which did not reveal itself until about the close of the first century. In each church there is one man, "the angel of the church," through whom the whole church is addressed. There is no hint of any individual enjoying a distinction like this until about the beginning of the second [century]. (3.) The expression, "The Lord's-day," does not occur in the earlier apostolical writings. They always speak of the "First Day of the week" instead. The term used in A. D. 68 was "the First Day of the week," but the writers of the second century from the beginning use "the Lord's-day." This term, then, points to a period near the beginning of the second century as the date of Revelation. (4.) The expressions in Rev 2:9 and Rev 3:9 point to a complete separation between the church and the synagogue. This complete separation did not take place until the epoch of the destruction of Jerusalem. Such language as we find in these two places can only be accounted for by a fact so momentous as the overthrow of the Jewish state, and hence belongs to a later date...It might be of service to add that the persecution of Nero, as far as known, was local and confined to Rome; that death, instead of banishment, was the favorite method of punishment with him; that it is not probable that he would have put to death Paul and Peter and banished John; and that there is no evidence that John, as early as A. D. 68, had ever visited the region of the seven churches. On the other hand, the persecution of Domitian was not local; we know also that he sent other Christians into exile; we know also that the later years of John's life were passed at Ephesus, and in the region of which it was the center." (People's New Testament commentary, emphasis added)

"There are two chief theories, the Neronic, soon after Nero's death, the other in the reign of Domitian. Irenaeus is quoted by Eusebius as saying expressly that the Apocalypse of John was written at the close of the reign of Domitian. This testimony is concurred in by Clement of Alexandria, by Origen, by Eusebius, by Jerome...Hort, Lightfoot, Sanday, Westcott have argued strongly for the Neronic era. Peake is willing to admit allusions to the Neronic period as Swete is also, but both consider the Domitianic date the best supported. Moffatt considers any earlier date than Domitian "almost impossible."" (Robertson's commentary, emphasis added)

"As for the time of its writing this is not agreed upon on all hands; the place where, seems to be the isle of Patmos, which yet some question. Some think it was written in the times of Claudius Caesar (h), before the destruction of Jerusalem. In the title of the Syriac version, this revelation is said to be made to John in the isle of Patmos, into which he was cast by Nero Caesar. But the more commonly received opinion is, that he had this vision there, at the latter end of Domitian's reign (i) by whom he was there banished, about the year 95, or 96." (Gill's commentary, emphasis added)

"Place and Time of Writing. - The best authorities among the Fathers state that John was exiled under Domitian (Irenaeus [Against Heresies, 5; 30]; Clement of Alexandria; Eusebius [Ecclesiastical History, 3.20]). Victorinus says that he had to labor in the mines of Patmos. At Domitian's death, a.d. 95, he returned to Ephesus under the Emperor Nerva. Probably it was immediately after his return that he wrote, under divine inspiration, the account of the visions vouchsafed to him in Patmos (Rev 1:2, Rev 1:9). However, Rev 10:4 seems to imply that he wrote the visions immediately after seeing them." (Jamieson, Fausset and Brown commentary, emphasis added)

"The book of Revelation was probably written about AD 95, at a time of conflict and persecution." (The History of Christianity, Dr. Tim Dowley, p.70, emphasis added)

"Most evangelical scholars affirm that Revelation was written in A.D. 95 or 96." (The Bible Knowledge Commentary, Walvoord and Zuck, Dallas Theological Seminary, Introduction to Revelation, emphasis added)

"DATE: A.D. 96" (Scofield's commentary, emphasis added)
So a number of Bible scholars say that Revelation was written in AD 95 or 96, with the exceptions dating it as early as AD 65. Most of the above quotes can be found at BibleStudyTools.com Offsite Link.

Here are some things that Bible scholars say concerning the date when the book of 1 Corinthians was written:
"This Epistle was written at Ephesus while Paul was engaged in his ministry of three years in that city (Acts 19:1-41; Act 20:31; 1Co 16:8). The time when it was written can be determined with no little certainty to have been the spring of A. D. 57." (People's New Testament commentary, emphasis added)

"From Ephesus a.d. 54 Or 55" (Robertson's commentary, emphasis added)

"Authorities are generally agreed in placing the date of the epistle a.d. 57." (Vincent's commentary, emphasis added)

"The reason why Paul purposed to remain in Ephesus until Pentecost, was, the success which he had met with in preaching the gospel, 1Co 16:9. But after the riot excited by Demetrius, this hope was in a measure defeated, and he soon left the city. These circumstances serve to fix the time when this Epistle was written to the interval which elapsed between what is recorded in Act 19:22-23. This occurred about 56 or 57 a.d. Pearson and Mill place the date in the year 57 a.d.; Lardner, in the spring of the year 56 ad." (Barnes' commentary, emphasis added)

"It is thought to be written about the year of Christ 55, and in the first year of Nero, though some place it in the year 59." (Gill's commentary, emphasis added)

"At the time of writing Paul implies (1Co 16:8) that he intended to leave Ephesus after Pentecost of that year. He really did leave it about Pentecost (a.d. 57). Compare Act 19:20. The allusion to Passover imagery in connection with our Christian Passover, Easter (1Co 5:7), makes it likely that the season was about Easter. Thus the date of the Epistle is fixed with tolerable accuracy, about Easter, certainly before Pentecost, in the third year of his residence at Ephesus, a.d. 57." (Jamieson, Fausset and Brown commentary, emphasis added)

"DATE: First Corinthians was written in A.D. 59, at the close of Paul's three year's residence in Ephesus." (Scofield's commentary, emphasis added)

"First Corinthians was written, probably in A.D. 54 or 55, to address these matters." (The Bible Knowledge Commentary, Walvoord and Zuck, Dallas Theological Seminary, Introduction to 1 Corinthians, emphasis added)

"In 1 Corinthians, which gives probably the earliest description of worship in the Christian church, Paul constantly draws on the Old Testament. This letter, written about AD 55,..." (The History of Christianity, Dr. Tim Dowley, p.123, emphasis added)
So a number of Bible scholars say that 1 Corinthians was written between AD 54 and 57, with the exceptions dating it as late as AD 59. Most of the above quotes can be found at BibleStudyTools.com Offsite Link.

Based on the scriptural evidence, no one knew anything about the Trumpet Judgments before John wrote about them in the book of Revelation. In 1 Corinthians, Paul wrote that the Rapture will take place "at the last trumpet," but he wrote this years before Revelation was written. Paul was not referring to the seventh Trumpet Judgment because no one had ever heard of such a thing when Paul wrote 1 Corinthians.


Matthew 24:29-31

The following passage is sometimes interpreted as describing the Rapture, accompanied by a trumpet (Paul's "last trumpet," perhaps?):
"Immediately after the distress of those days 'the sun will be darkened, and the moon will not give its light; the stars will fall from the sky, and the heavenly bodies will be shaken.' At that time the sign of the Son of Man will appear in the sky, and all the nations of the earth will mourn. They will see the Son of Man coming on the clouds of the sky, with power and great glory. And he will send his angels with a loud trumpet call, and they will gather his elect from the four winds, from one end of the heavens to the other." (Matthew 24:29-31)
In context, the above passage takes place at the time of the Second Coming as we'll see in Part Eight when we examine all of Matthew 24 and 25. So in the above passage Jesus was describing an event which sounds like the Rapture, and takes place at the Second Coming, and is accompanied by a trumpet call.

If we believe the post-trib view of the Rapture, then this would appear to be strong evidence to support our view. In the above passage we see the Lord coming down from heaven at the Second Coming, and we see the clouds of the sky, and we see a trumpet call, and we see His elect being gathered. Notice that similar elements appear in Paul's descriptions of the Rapture:
"For the Lord himself will come down from heaven, with a loud command, with the voice of the archangel and with the trumpet call of God, and the dead in Christ will rise first. After that, we who are still alive and are left will be caught up together with them in the clouds to meet the Lord in the air. And so we will be with the Lord forever." (1 Thessalonians 4:16-17)

"I declare to you, brothers, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom of God, nor does the perishable inherit the imperishable. Listen, I tell you a mystery: We will not all sleep [die], but we will all be changed - in a flash, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, the dead will be raised imperishable, and we will be changed. For the perishable must clothe itself with the imperishable, and the mortal with immortality." (1 Corinthians 15:50-53)
If we believe the post-trib view, then it would be tempting to stop here and assume that the similarities in Jesus' and Paul's statements are enough to provide strong support for our view.

But what about the differences in Jesus' and Paul's statements? For example, Paul described a resurrection of the dead at the Rapture, but Jesus said nothing about a resurrection of the dead in Matthew 24:29-31 (above). Paul described Christians being transformed from mortality to immortality at the Rapture, but Jesus said nothing about a change from mortality to immortality. Paul said that we will be "caught up" to meet the Lord in the air, but Jesus didn't say anything about being "caught up" or meeting Him in the air.

So was Jesus referring to the Rapture in Matthew 24:29-31 (above)?

In order to answer this question, let's first try to determine whom Jesus was talking about ("his elect"). Here's how the word "elect" is used in the Bible:
"Behold my servant, whom I uphold; mine elect, in whom my soul delighteth; I have put my spirit upon him: he shall bring forth judgment to the Gentiles. He shall not cry, nor lift up, nor cause his voice to be heard in the street. A bruised reed shall he not break, and the smoking flax shall he not quench: he shall bring forth judgment unto truth." (Isaiah 42:1-3 KJV)

"Because it is contained in scripture, Behold, I lay in Zion a chief corner stone, elect, precious: And he that believeth on him shall not be put to shame." (1 Peter 2:6 KJV)

"I charge you, in the sight of God and Christ Jesus and the elect angels, to keep these instructions without partiality, and to do nothing out of favoritism." (1 Timothy 5:21)

"For Jacob my servant's sake, and Israel mine elect, I have even called thee by thy name: I have surnamed thee, though thou hast not known me." (Isaiah 45:4 KJV)

"Put on therefore, as the elect of God, holy and beloved, bowels of mercies, kindness, humbleness of mind, meekness, longsuffering; Forbearing one another, and forgiving one another, if any man have a quarrel against any: even as Christ forgave you, so also do ye." (Colossians 3:12-13 KJV)
We can see from these passages that Jesus is called "elect" (Isaiah 42:1-3, 1 Peter 2:6), and the holy angels are called "elect" (1 Timothy 5:21), and Israel is called "elect" (Isaiah 45:4), and the Church is called "elect" (Colossians 3:12-13).

Since the word "elect" has different meanings depending on the context, we can't simply assume that "his elect" in Matthew 24:29-31 (above) is a reference to the Church. According to the above passages, the "elect" might be Jesus, or the holy angels, or Israel, or the Church. In Matthew 24:29-31 (above), Jesus said that He will send His angels to gather "his elect," which means that Jesus and the angels are not the "elect" in that passage.

So "his elect" in Matthew 24:29-31 (above) is either Israel or the Church. (The Church is not the "new" Israel or the "true" Israel as my article called Gentile Christians Are Not Spiritual Jews shows.)

In order to determine whether Israel or the Church is the "elect" in Matthew 24:29-31 (above), consider the context around that passage. Jesus was speaking to Jews (the disciples) who were living under the Law of Moses, and He mentioned the Jewish temple (Matthew 24:15), and Daniel's 70 Weeks prophecy concerning Israel's sins (Matthew 24:15), and "those who are in Judea" (Matthew 24:16), and the Jewish Sabbath (Matthew 24:20), and then He described the Second Coming and the gathering of the "elect." The entire context of these statements is Jewish in nature, which indicates that Israel is "his elect" in Matthew 24:29-31 (above), not the Church.

Throughout this series we've seen that the Rapture will only involve the Church (everyone who receives salvation after the cross up until the Rapture). Since Jesus was talking about Israel and not the Church in Matthew 24:29-31 (above), this means that Jesus was not talking about the Rapture.

Then what did He mean when He said that His angels will "gather his elect from the four winds"?

Here's some background for Jesus' statement. In the Old Testament, God scattered the Jews to the four winds of heaven because of their disobedience:
"Therefore this is what the Sovereign LORD says: I myself am against you, Jerusalem, and I will inflict punishment on you in the sight of the nations. Because of all your detestable idols, I will do to you what I have never done before and will never do again. Therefore in your midst fathers will eat their children, and children will eat their fathers. I will inflict punishment on you and will scatter all your survivors to the winds. Therefore as surely as I live, declares the Sovereign LORD, because you have defiled my sanctuary with all your vile images and detestable practices, I myself will withdraw my favor; I will not look on you with pity or spare you. A third of your people will die of the plague or perish by famine inside you; a third will fall by the sword outside your walls; and a third I will scatter to the winds and pursue with drawn sword." (Ezekiel 5:8-12)

""Come! Come! Flee from the land of the north," declares the LORD, "for I have scattered you to the four winds of heaven," declares the LORD. "Come, O Zion! Escape, you who live in the Daughter of Babylon!"" (Zechariah 2:6-7)
The above passages say that the Jews were scattered "to the four winds of heaven" because of their disobedience, and the majority of the Jews are still scattered among the nations of the world to this day. This scattering of the Jews "to the four winds of heaven" is exactly what Jesus was referring to in Matthew 24:29-31 (above) when He said that "his angels...will gather his elect from the four winds, from one end of the heavens to the other."

The Jews are currently scattered among the nations of the world, but God promised that they will be regathered from the countries where they had been scattered as in these examples:
"As surely as I live, declares the Sovereign LORD, I will rule over you with a mighty hand and an outstretched arm and with outpoured wrath. I will bring you from the nations and gather you from the countries where you have been scattered - with a mighty hand and an outstretched arm and with outpoured wrath. I will bring you into the desert of the nations and there, face to face, I will execute judgment upon you. As I judged your fathers in the desert of the land of Egypt, so I will judge you, declares the Sovereign LORD. I will take note of you as you pass under my rod, and I will bring you into the bond of the covenant. I will purge you of those who revolt and rebel against me. Although I will bring them out of the land where they are living, yet they [those who revolt and rebel against God] will not enter the land of Israel. Then you will know that I am the LORD." (Ezekiel 20:33-38)

"Then the word of the LORD came to me: "Son of man, the house of Israel has become dross to me; all of them are the copper, tin, iron and lead left inside a furnace. They are but the dross of silver. Therefore this is what the Sovereign LORD says: 'Because you have all become dross, I will gather you into Jerusalem. As men gather silver, copper, iron, lead and tin into a furnace to melt it with a fiery blast, so will I gather you in my anger and my wrath and put you inside the city and melt you. I will gather you and I will blow on you with my fiery wrath, and you will be melted inside her. As silver is melted in a furnace, so you will be melted inside her, and you will know that I the LORD have poured out my wrath upon you.'"" (Ezekiel 22:17-22)

"Therefore say to the house of Israel, 'This is what the Sovereign LORD says: It is not for your sake, O house of Israel, that I am going to do these things, but for the sake of my holy name, which you have profaned among the nations where you have gone. I will show the holiness of my great name, which has been profaned among the nations, the name you have profaned among them. Then the nations will know that I am the LORD, declares the Sovereign LORD, when I show myself holy through you before their eyes. For I will take you out of the nations; I will gather you from all the countries and bring you back into your own land. I will sprinkle clean water on you, and you will be clean; I will cleanse you from all your impurities and from all your idols. I will give you a new heart and put a new spirit in you; I will remove from you your heart of stone and give you a heart of flesh. And I will put my Spirit in you and move you to follow my decrees and be careful to keep my laws.'" (Ezekiel 36:22-27)
In the above passages, God said that He will regather the Jews from around the world, and notice that this gathering of Jews will be before the Lord pours out His wrath on them. In other words, it will be a secular regathering of the Jews (meaning that the majority will not be Christians), and it will take place before the seven-year Tribulation period begins (the Day of the Lord's wrath as we'll see in Part Five). As we've seen, the Tribulation is specifically the time when God will pour out His wrath onto the earth, and it's specifically the final 7 years of Daniel's 70 Weeks prophecy in which the Jews will "finish transgression" and "put an end to sin" and "atone for wickedness" as we saw in Part Two.

The Tribulation period has not yet started (it will begin when Israel signs a seven-year treaty or contract agreement of some kind with the Antichrist), but the regathering that was prophesied in the above passages is now taking place right before our eyes in fulfillment of end-times prophecy (see sign #2 in my article called End-Times Prophecies Are Coming to Pass Right before Our Eyes).

This regathering is meant to take place before the Tribulation period begins, but in Matthew 24:29-31 (above) Jesus was describing a regathering that will take place after the Second Coming at the end of the Tribulation period.

My article called The Second Coming shows that in the days just before the Second Coming, every Jewish survivor of the Tribulation period will receive salvation. Then Jesus will return to the earth at the Second Coming, and He will send out His angels to bring all of the Jews back to Israel as He said in Matthew 24:29-31 (above). For example, in context the following passages describe a second worldwide regathering of Jews after the Second Coming, accompanied by the sound of a trumpet (as Jesus described in Matthew 24:29-31, above):
"The wolf will live with the lamb, the leopard will lie down with the goat, the calf and the lion and the yearling together; and a little child will lead them. The cow will feed with the bear, their young will lie down together, and the lion will eat straw like the ox. The infant will play near the hole of the cobra, and the young child put his hand into the viper's nest. They will neither harm nor destroy on all my holy mountain, for the earth will be full of the knowledge of the LORD as the waters cover the sea. In that day the Root of Jesse will stand as a banner for the peoples; the nations will rally to him, and his place of rest will be glorious. In that day the Lord will reach out his hand a SECOND time to reclaim the remnant that is left of his people from Assyria, from Lower Egypt, from Upper Egypt, from Cush, from Elam, from Babylonia, from Hamath and from the islands of the sea. He will raise a banner for the nations and gather the exiles of Israel; he will assemble the scattered people of Judah from the four quarters of the earth." (Isaiah 11:1-12)

"In that day the LORD will thresh from the flowing Euphrates to the Wadi of Egypt, and you, O Israelites, will be gathered up one by one. And in that day a great trumpet will sound. Those who were perishing in Assyria and those who were exiled in Egypt will come and worship the LORD on the holy mountain in Jerusalem." (Isaiah 27:12-13)
In context, the above passages describe a regathering of Jews back to Israel after the Second Coming. In Genesis 19:1-23 we see angels gathering Lot and his family away from Sodom and Gomorrah to Zoar, and in Matthew 24:29-31 (above) Jesus was saying that the angels will gather the Jews back to Israel after the Second Coming. There was no Rapture when the angels gathered Lot and his family, and there's no Rapture described in Matthew 24:29-31 (above).

The "gathering of the elect" in Matthew 24:29-31 (above) is not the Rapture, but instead it's the final regathering of the Jewish survivors of the Tribulation back to the land of Israel after the Second Coming.


Conclusion

We saw that if Paul had a military analogy in mind when he mentioned "the last trumpet," this by itself doesn't give us enough information to determine whether the Rapture will be pre-trib, mid-trib, or post-trib. It simply tells us that when the Rapture takes place, it will be preceded by a "Recall and Assembly" trumpet signal.

We saw that the Rapture is the likely fulfillment of the Feast of Trumpets ("at the last trumpet," as Paul said). In addition, the seven-year Tribulation period (ending with the Second Coming) is the likely fulfillment of the Day of Atonement. The Feast of Trumpets takes place before the Day of Atonement on the Jewish calendar, which strongly indicates that the Rapture will take place before the seven-year Tribulation begins.

We saw that the "last trumpet" in Paul's description of the Rapture (for gathering all Christians to an assembly in the clouds) is not the seventh Trumpet Judgment in the book of Revelation (for doing battle against an enemy) because those trumpets have different purposes.

We saw that based on the scriptural evidence, no one knew anything about the Trumpet Judgments before John wrote about them in the book of Revelation. In 1 Corinthians, Paul wrote that the Rapture will take place "at the last trumpet," but he wrote this years before Revelation was written. Paul was not referring to the seventh Trumpet Judgment because no one had ever heard of such a thing when Paul wrote 1 Corinthians.

We saw that the "gathering of the elect" in Matthew 24:29-31 is not the Rapture, but instead it's the final regathering of the Jewish survivors of the Tribulation back to the land of Israel after the Second Coming.


Back to Part Three.
Continue on to Part Five.


For the glory of the Lord Jesus, the Christ, the Son of God, who came in the flesh, was delivered over to death for our sins, and was raised to life for our justification.

Dave Root
home page and email: https://www.vividchristianity.com

"Therefore I want you to know that no one who is speaking by the Spirit of God says, "Jesus be cursed," and no one can say, "Jesus is Lord," except by the Holy Spirit." (1 Corinthians 12:3)

"Who is the liar? It is whoever denies that Jesus is the Christ. Such a person is the antichrist - denying the Father and the Son. No one who denies the Son has the Father; whoever acknowledges the Son has the Father also." (1 John 2:22-23)

"If anyone acknowledges that Jesus is the Son of God, God lives in them and they in God." (1 John 4:15)

"Dear friends, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, because many false prophets have gone out into the world. This is how you can recognize the Spirit of God: Every spirit that acknowledges that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh is from God, but every spirit that does not acknowledge Jesus is not from God. This is the spirit of the antichrist, which you have heard is coming and even now is already in the world." (1 John 4:1-3)

"And this is love: that we walk in obedience to his commands. As you have heard from the beginning, his command is that you walk in love. I say this because many deceivers, who do not acknowledge Jesus Christ as coming in the flesh, have gone out into the world. Any such person is the deceiver and the antichrist." (2 John 1:6-7)

"He was delivered over to death for our sins and was raised to life for our justification." (Romans 4:25)
 
 
Modification History
  • 07/06/2024 - Added an update in the Introduction section.

  • 04/25/2024 - Modified the last paragraph in the section called "The Military Analogy." Modified the first paragraph in the Conclusion section.

  • 01/19/2024 - Slightly modified the section called "Matthew 24:29-31."

  • 09/30/2023 - Updated the capitalization of "church" throughout the article for consistency, as explained in Part One.

  • 02/07/2023 - Modified the section called "Matthew 24:29-31."

  • 07/23/2022 - Modified my closing statement.

  • 05/11/2022 - Deleted the section called "The Last Trumpet Ever?" because it didn't really contribute anything useful.

  • 11/03/2021 - Made the font size a bit bigger and added a fish symbol as a favicon (which is displayed in the browser tab).

  • 09/24/2021 - Made a slight change to say that when the Antichrist makes a seven-year "covenant" with Israel, it will be a treaty or contract agreement of some kind. Originally I had said that it will likely be a peace treaty, but that's too narrow of a definition of "covenant."

  • 12/26/2020 - Added 2 Thessalonians 2:1 in the section called "The Seventh Trumpet Judgment."

  • 02/14/2019 - Modified some of the wording.

  • 09/22/2009 - Added quotes from Jewish Christian ministries concerning the Feast of Trumpets and the Day of Atonement. Added quotes from various Bible commentaries concerning the dates when 1 Corinthians and Revelation were written. Added some passages to show that there will be two worldwide regatherings of the Jews back to Israel. Modified the "Conclusion" section.

  • 03/05/2004 - Updated the section called "Matthew 24:29-31" in order to point out another problem with the post-trib view of the Rapture.

  • 03/01/2004 - New article.