Vivid Christianity
Teaching Christians how to live a "vivid" Christian life.



Understanding Jesus - Part Two of Three



by Dave Root, VividChristianity.com, last modified on 07/06/2024.


Introduction

In this article we'll see that Jesus did not receive the punishment that we deserved as our Substitute on the cross, and we'll examine the dozen or so purposes or results of the Atonement (when Jesus was humiliated and brutally tortured and executed and resurrected).

If everything at my website (VividChristianity.com), including this article, says what God wants it to say then He will confirm that for you by doing a miracle. See my home page for the details.


Jesus Was Not Our Substitute

If you search online for "atonement theories," the most commonly held view appears to be that Jesus died on the cross in our place to pay the penalty for sin, receiving the punishment that we deserved as our Substitute, offering His life as a ransom to God in order to redeem us from His righteous wrath (not paying a ransom to the devil because God is sovereign and doesn't need to agree to any of the devil's demands).

After studying all of the Greek words concerning atonement, forgiveness, justification, propitiation, ransom, reconciliation, redemption, remission, righteousness, salvation, sanctification, etc. (30+ separate Greek words), and studying the hundreds of verses in which all of these Greek words are found, and studying what people have written concerning the different theories of the Atonement, and studying the end-times prophecies throughout the Old and New Testaments, it turns out that there is more to the Atonement than we might realize.

An illustration of a ransom

Here's an illustration of some of the things that we're going to see:
Imagine that the American president is raising a teenage girl, and she's a friend of the family who was orphaned. She's a sweet girl and he would like to adopt her because he loves her as his own daughter.

While traveling overseas on vacation with friends, she's captured by a rebel nation who hates America. The rebels brainwash her and force her to commit crimes, and their goal is to hurt the president as much as possible.

The president's adult son makes an offer to the president that he will give his life to the rebels as a ransom (even though the rebels never demanded a ransom), and the president accepts this offer and gives his son to the rebels. This is the president's only child, who happens to be a high-ranking military officer, so the rebels are ecstatic to have him as their prisoner in order to humiliate and execute him. They set the girl free and torture and execute the son.

However, the girl is a victim of Stockholm syndrome Offsite Link, so she has developed a psychological alliance with the rebels and continues to commit crimes with them even though she's no longer their prisoner. When the president learns that she will single-handedly carry out a mass bombing attack on civilians in America, he has no choice but to order her stopped by any means necessary, even if it results in her death. That's not what he wants, but he has no other options.

Before the attack she has a change of heart, and she turns herself in to the authorities and agrees to use her knowledge of the rebels to help fight them. When the president's advisors and military leaders are convinced that her repentance and willingness to help are genuine, the president grants her a full pardon and adopts her as his daughter.
As we're going to see, the main points of this illustration are that:
  • The devil rules his own kingdom, and he took the human race captive to do his bidding. Through Adam's sin, the devil usurped control over the world.

  • As the devil's captives, the human race became slaves to sin.

  • The devil did not demand a ransom. However, Jesus made an offer to the Father that He would lay down His life by giving it to the devil as a ransom so that humans would be set free from the devil's domain, and the Father accepted this offer:

    "just as the Son of Man did not come to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many." (Matthew 20:28)

    "For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him." (John 3:16-17)
    [Notice that God the Father gave His Son and sent His Son to be a ransom, just as in the above illustration.]

    "I am the good shepherd. The good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep." (John 10:11)

    "I am the good shepherd; I know my sheep and my sheep know me - just as the Father knows me and I know the Father - and lay down my life for the sheep." (John 10:14-15)

    "The reason my Father loves me is that I lay down my life - only to take it up again. No one takes it from me, but I lay it down of my own accord. I have authority to lay it down and authority to take it up again. This command I received from my Father." (John 10:17-18)
    [Notice that Jesus was not forced or required to lay down His life, so no one demanded a ransom. He made the offer of His own accord to the Father, who accepted the offer and gave the commandment sending Jesus into the world to be a ransom as in John 3:16-17, above.]

    "He who did not spare his own Son, but gave him up for us all - how will he not also, along with him, graciously give us all things?" (Romans 8:32)
    [Again, God the Father accepted Jesus' offer and sent Jesus into the world to be a ransom.]

    "Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ, who gave himself for our sins to rescue us from the present evil age, according to the will of our God and Father" (Galatians 1:3-4)
    [Again, God the Father accepted Jesus' offer and sent Jesus into the world to be a ransom.]

    "I have been crucified with Christ and I no longer live, but Christ lives in me. The life I now live in the body, I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me." (Galatians 2:20)

    "and walk in the way of love, just as Christ loved us and gave himself up for us as a fragrant offering and sacrifice to God." (Ephesians 5:2)
    [Our sacrifices are fragrant offerings to God (Romans 12:1, Philippians 4:18, Hebrews 13:16).]

    "Husbands, love your wives, just as Christ loved the church and gave himself up for her to make her holy, cleansing her by the washing with water through the word" (Ephesians 5:25-26)

    "For there is one God and one mediator between God and mankind, the man Christ Jesus, who gave himself as a ransom for all people. This has now been witnessed to at the proper time." (1 Timothy 2:5-6)

    "while we wait for the blessed hope - the appearing of the glory of our great God and Savior, Jesus Christ, who gave himself for us to redeem us from all wickedness and to purify for himself a people that are his very own, eager to do what is good." (Titus 2:13-14)

    "The blood of goats and bulls and the ashes of a heifer sprinkled on those who are ceremonially unclean sanctify them so that they are outwardly clean. How much more, then, will the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself unblemished to God, cleanse our consciences from acts that lead to death, so that we may serve the living God! For this reason Christ is the mediator of a new covenant, that those who are called may receive the promised eternal inheritance - now that he has died as a ransom to set them free from the sins committed under the first covenant." (Hebrews 9:13-15)
    [Again, Jesus was not forced or required to lay down His life, so no one demanded a ransom. He made the offer of His own accord to the Father, who accepted the offer and sent Jesus into the world to be a ransom.]
    As the above passages show, we're told that Jesus voluntarily laid down His life and gave His life and offered His life to ransom us. We're also told that the Father gave His Son and sent His Son to be a ransom. Jesus was not forced or required in any way to give Himself to ransom us because we're told that He offered Himself of His own accord, so there was no ransom demand by anyone. The devil would have been ecstatic to accept this ransom because being able to humiliate Jesus and put Him to death would have appeared to be the best way for the devil to hurt God. Jesus was our Ransom, not our Substitute.

  • God was not holding humans captive, so He did not want or need a ransom; the devil is the one who held us captive and agreed to a ransom.

  • The human race has been set free from captivity to the devil, but most people are still brainwashed to be enemies of God, even though they don't realize it. They're committing crimes against God, and those crimes will be severely disciplined in due time unless they receive salvation. Either we take the severe discipline ourselves in the lake of fire (see my article called Cheat Sheet #32), or else we receive salvation (forgiveness of our sins) through Jesus and have eternal life.

  • When people turn to Jesus as their Savior (i.e., they have a change of heart toward Jesus, which is the meaning of the word "repentance") then they receive salvation, which means that they receive a full pardon for all of their sins and they're adopted into God's family (see my article called Cheat Sheet #31). This is how people are allowed into heaven. To learn exactly how to receive salvation and be allowed into heaven, and how to have the assurance of your salvation, see my article called How to Receive Salvation.


As we examine all of these issues in detail, we'll see that Jesus did not receive the punishment that we deserved as our Substitute on the cross.

God's domain and the devil's domain

The devil is an angel (Ephesians 2:1-2, below) that was created by God, and a number of Bible scholars identify him as the one who was "the seal of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty...anointed as a guardian cherub" in Ezekiel 28:11-17. He became conceited and puffed up with pride (e.g., 1 Timothy 3:6 and possibly Isaiah 14:12-15), and he rebelled against God, taking many of the angels with him in his rebellion (possibly one-third of the angels based on Revelation 12:3-9).

Since Jesus died to ransom us, some people assume that the devil must have demanded a ransom from God. But other people point out that God is all-powerful and the devil can only do what God allows him to do as we'll see in a moment, so it seems obvious that God would have no reason to agree to any of the devil's demands (such as a ransom). As obvious as this might seem, it's actually a wrong conclusion because it overlooks an important aspect of God's character.

God makes promises, agreements, covenants, prophecies, etc., which means that He has bound Himself to follow through on them (sometimes only if certain conditions are met):
"God is not human, that he should lie, not a human being, that he should change his mind. Does he speak and then not act? Does he promise and not fulfill?" (Numbers 23:19)

"By myself I have sworn, my mouth has uttered in all integrity a word that will not be revoked: Before me every knee will bow; by me every tongue will swear." (Isaiah 45:23)

"Above all, you must understand that no prophecy of Scripture came about by the prophet's own interpretation of things. For prophecy never had its origin in the human will, but prophets, though human, spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit." (2 Peter 1:20-21)
So if God made any agreements with the devil then God has bound Himself to honor those agreements. But would God ever make agreements with the devil or his demons? Notice what these passages say:
"One day the angels came to present themselves before the LORD, and Satan also came with them. The LORD said to Satan, "Where have you come from?" Satan answered the LORD, "From roaming throughout the earth, going back and forth on it." Then the LORD said to Satan, "Have you considered my servant Job? There is no one on earth like him; he is blameless and upright, a man who fears God and shuns evil." "Does Job fear God for nothing?" Satan replied. "Have you not put a hedge around him and his household and everything he has? You have blessed the work of his hands, so that his flocks and herds are spread throughout the land. But now stretch out your hand and strike everything he has, and he will surely curse you to your face." The LORD said to Satan, "Very well, then, everything he has is in your power, but on the man himself do not lay a finger." Then Satan went out from the presence of the LORD." (Job 1:6-12)

"On another day the angels came to present themselves before the LORD, and Satan also came with them to present himself before him. And the LORD said to Satan, "Where have you come from?" Satan answered the LORD, "From roaming throughout the earth, going back and forth on it." Then the LORD said to Satan, "Have you considered my servant Job? There is no one on earth like him; he is blameless and upright, a man who fears God and shuns evil. And he still maintains his integrity, though you incited me against him to ruin him without any reason." "Skin for skin!" Satan replied. "A man will give all he has for his own life. But now stretch out your hand and strike his flesh and bones, and he will surely curse you to your face." The LORD said to Satan, "Very well, then, he is in your hands; but you must spare his life."" (Job 2:1-6)

"Micaiah continued, "Therefore hear the word of the LORD: I saw the LORD sitting on his throne with all the multitudes of heaven standing around him on his right and on his left. And the LORD said, 'Who will entice Ahab into attacking Ramoth Gilead and going to his death there?' "One suggested this, and another that. Finally, a spirit came forward, stood before the LORD and said, 'I will entice him.' "'By what means?' the LORD asked. "'I will go out and be a deceiving spirit in the mouths of all his prophets,' he said. "'You will succeed in enticing him,' said the LORD. 'Go and do it.' "So now the LORD has put a deceiving spirit in the mouths of all these prophets of yours. The LORD has decreed disaster for you."" (1 Kings 22:19-23)

"Now the Spirit of the LORD had departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from the LORD tormented him. Saul's attendants said to him, "See, an evil spirit from God is tormenting you." (1 Samuel 16:14-15)

"The next day an evil spirit from God came forcefully on Saul. He was prophesying in his house, while David was playing the lyre, as he usually did. Saul had a spear in his hand" (1 Samuel 18:10)

"But an evil spirit from the LORD came on Saul as he was sitting in his house with his spear in his hand. While David was playing the lyre" (1 Samuel 19:9)
The above passages are examples where God and the devil made agreements with each other, such as allowing the devil to strike out at Job in various ways or sending demons to do certain specific things. These passages also show that the devil can only do what God allows him to do. Another example is that at one point when God's wrath was on Israel, He incited King David to take a census of Israel and Judah, but He did it by having the devil incite King David (compare 2 Samuel 24:1-17 and 1 Chronicles 21:1-17). So if there are any other agreements, prophecies, spiritual laws, etc., concerning the devil then God has bound Himself to honor them. When we compare the above passages with what the devil did to Job and his family and his possessions (Job 1:13-19, 2:7), we can see that blessings and protection are God's domain, but death, destruction, sickness, fear, and so on, are the devil's domain.

When the devil rebelled against God in heaven, God could have destroyed him or banished him from heaven or locked him away in the Abyss (which will happen in the future - Revelation 20:1-3). However, God did none of those things because the devil is a necessary part of God's plans. In a moment we'll see that the devil controls the world, but why did God allow His beloved human race to be taken captive by the devil? After all, He could have prevented the devil from taking the human race captive.

Or could He?

First, notice that God owns the land, and He gave tenant-possession of the land of Israel to the Jews:
"The land must not be sold permanently, because the land is mine and you reside in my land as foreigners and strangers. Throughout the land that you hold as a possession, you must provide for the redemption of the land. If one of your fellow Israelites becomes poor and sells some of their property, their nearest relative is to come and redeem what they have sold." (Leviticus 25:23-25)
The rest of Leviticus 25 describes how the land was to be redeemed by a kinsman if a family lost their land in some way. For example, the prophet Jeremiah acted as a kinsman-redeemer for his cousin Hanamel while foreign invaders from Babylon were besieging Jerusalem (Jeremiah 32:1-15). That passage describes Jeremiah's deed of purchase, which was a scroll that was rolled up and sealed with drops of wax to protect it from tampering, and signed on the outside by witnesses. The purchaser (Jeremiah in this case) was the only person who was authorized to break the seals on the deed and reveal its contents to prove his ownership (for more on this, see my article called The Rapture of the Church - Part Three).

With this background information in mind, notice that God gave the right of tenant-possession of all of the earth to the human race through Adam and Eve, for them to subdue it and rule over every creature:
"Then God said, "Let us make mankind in our image, in our likeness, so that they may rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky, over the livestock and all the wild animals, and over all the creatures that move along the ground." So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them. God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky and over every living creature that moves on the ground."" (Genesis 1:26-28)
However, the devil managed to gain possession of the earth when Adam and Eve followed the devil's temptations and rebelled against God's authority. This is why the devil said that the authority over all of the kingdoms of the world had been given to him (which Jesus didn't deny), and why the devil is called "the prince of this world" and "the god of this age" and so on:
"If Satan drives out Satan, he is divided against himself. How then can his kingdom stand?" (Matthew 12:26)

"The devil led him [Jesus] up to a high place and showed him in an instant all the kingdoms of the world. And he said to him, "I will give you all their authority and splendor, for it has been given to me [Jesus didn't deny this], and I can give it to anyone I want to. So if you worship me, it will all be yours." Jesus answered, "It is written: 'Worship the Lord your God and serve him only.'"" (Luke 4:5-8)

"I [Jesus] will not speak with you much longer, for the prince of this world is coming. He has no hold on me" (John 14:30)

"The god of this age has blinded the minds of unbelievers, so that they cannot see the light of the gospel of the glory of Christ, who is the image of God." (2 Corinthians 4:4)

"As for you, you were dead in your transgressions and sins, in which you used to live when you followed the ways of this world and of the ruler of the kingdom of the air, the spirit who is now at work in those who are disobedient." (Ephesians 2:1-2)

"For he has rescued us from the dominion of darkness and brought us into the kingdom of the Son he loves" (Colossians 1:13)

"Since the children have flesh and blood, he too shared in their humanity so that by his death he might break the power of him who holds the power of death - that is, the devil - and free those who all their lives were held in slavery by their fear of death." (Hebrews 2:14-15)

"We know that we are children of God, and that the whole world is under the control of the evil one." (1 John 5:19)
The above passages show that the devil has a kingdom and dominion of darkness and that he holds "the power of death." The Greek word for "kingdom" in Ephesians 2:1-2 (above) and "dominion" in Colossians 1:13 (above) means "Power over persons and things, dominion, authority, rule." The Greek word for "kingdom" in Matthew 12:26 (above) and Colossians 1:13 (above) and "authority" in Luke 4:5-8 (above) means "Royal dominion, kingdom." The Greek word for "power" (in "power of death") in Hebrews 2:14-15 (above) means "power, dominion." All of these Greek definitions are from The Complete Word Study Dictionary of the Old and New Testaments (Dr. Spiros Zodhiates).

Therefore, based on the shades of meaning in the Greek, the devil is described as having the kingdom and dominion and authority and power of darkness and death. Adam and Eve were given the right of tenant-possession over all of the earth, but through Adam's sin the devil was able to gain control over the world and set up his kingdom of darkness.

To understand how this happened, notice that throughout human history, God made a total of nine separate covenants (contracts) between Himself and various groups of people (see my series called Covenants, Dispensations, and the Ten Commandments). In the Garden of Eden, God made His first covenant with the human race through Adam and Eve (Genesis 1:26-30, 2:15-17). The devil came and tempted them, and they disobeyed God and fell into sin (which we call the Fall), breaking their contract with God (Genesis 3:1-7). Then God pronounced several curses or judgments (Genesis 3:14-19), all of which are still in effect to this day:
"The LORD God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it. And the LORD God commanded the man, "You are free to eat from any tree in the garden; but you must not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, for when you eat from it you will certainly die."" (Genesis 2:15-17)

"Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the wild animals the LORD God had made. He said to the woman, "Did God really say, 'You must not eat from any tree in the garden'?" The woman said to the serpent, "We may eat fruit from the trees in the garden, but God did say, 'You must not eat fruit from the tree that is in the middle of the garden, and you must not touch it, or you will die.'" "You will not certainly die," the serpent said to the woman. "For God knows that when you eat from it your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil." When the woman saw that the fruit of the tree was good for food and pleasing to the eye, and also desirable for gaining wisdom, she took some and ate it. She also gave some to her husband, who was with her, and he ate it. Then the eyes of both of them were opened, and they realized they were naked; so they sewed fig leaves together and made coverings for themselves." (Genesis 3:1-7)

"So the LORD God said to the serpent, "Because you have done this, Cursed are you above all livestock and all wild animals! You will crawl on your belly and you will eat dust all the days of your life. And I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and hers; he will crush your head, and you will strike his heel." To the woman he said, "I will make your pains in childbearing very severe; with painful labor you will give birth to children. Your desire will be for your husband, and he will rule over you." To Adam he said, "Because you listened to your wife and ate fruit from the tree about which I commanded you, 'You must not eat from it,' Cursed is the ground because of you; through painful toil you will eat food from it all the days of your life. It will produce thorns and thistles for you, and you will eat the plants of the field. By the sweat of your brow you will eat your food until you return to the ground, since from it you were taken; for dust you are and to dust you will return."" (Genesis 3:14-19)

"And the LORD God said, "The man has now become like one of us, knowing good and evil. He must not be allowed to reach out his hand and take also from the tree of life and eat, and live forever." So the LORD God banished him from the Garden of Eden to work the ground from which he had been taken. After he drove the man out, he placed on the east side of the Garden of Eden cherubim and a flaming sword flashing back and forth to guard the way to the tree of life." (Genesis 3:22-24)
Earlier we saw that God told the human race to subdue the earth and rule over every living creature (Genesis 1:26-28, above). Then He told Adam that if he eats from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, he will die (Genesis 2:15-17, above). After Adam and Eve broke the covenant by disobeying God, God had no choice but to prevent them from eating from the tree of life and living forever (Genesis 3:22-24, above) because this is what He had promised would happen (Genesis 2:15-17, above). However, God did not say that the fruit itself would kill them, and God did not say that He would kill them.

So why would they die?

Shortly before Moses turned the leadership of the Israelites over to Joshua (Deuteronomy 31:1-8), he gave them a command that closely echoes what God had said to Adam (above), but with more details:
"See, I set before you today life and prosperity, death and destruction. For I command you today to love the LORD your God, to walk in obedience to him, and to keep his commands, decrees and laws; then you will live and increase, and the LORD your God will bless you in the land you are entering to possess. But if your heart turns away and you are not obedient, and if you are drawn away to bow down to other gods and worship them, I declare to you this day that you will certainly be destroyed. You will not live long in the land you are crossing the Jordan to enter and possess. This day I call the heavens and the earth as witnesses against you that I have set before you life and death, blessings and curses. Now choose life, so that you and your children may live and that you may love the LORD your God, listen to his voice, and hold fast to him. For the LORD is your life, and he will give you many years in the land he swore to give to your fathers, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob." (Deuteronomy 30:15-20)
Once again we see that life and blessings are God's domain, and death and destruction are the devil's domain (since the devil is the ruler over all other so-called gods as we saw earlier in this section). To use the words of Moses (above), Adam did not walk in obedience to God and keep His commands, but instead Adam's heart was drawn away to follow another god. We don't know how much Adam understood about the consequences, but he did not choose life. Adam turned away from God's domain of life and blessings, and voluntarily entered the devil's domain of sin and sickness and death and destruction.

The virgin birth

By taking the human race captive, the devil usurped the authority over the world that God had given to humans as we saw earlier, and God allowed this to happen. God was honor-bound to accept the consequences of Adam's and Eve's choice to eat the forbidden fruit because He had given them the authority to subdue and rule the earth in any manner they saw fit. Certainly He planned for this and planned for the cross in order to break the devil's power over humans, but it's difficult to imagine that He wanted all of this to happen.

God has provided many fascinating and detailed prophecies in the Bible of how He will go about evicting the devil from the earth, and restoring Creation from the effects of the Fall, and what will happen after that and on into eternity (see the End-Times Prophecies menu on my home page). We'll come back to these prophecies a little later.

When Jesus was born on the earth, He became a part of the human family. As our relative, He was in the position to be our kinsman-redeemer. The purchase price that He paid was His blood, and the scroll deed of purchase belongs to Him. As in Jeremiah's case (Jeremiah 32:1-15), Jesus did not immediately take possession of the land, but instead He's in heaven while the land is occupied by the devil and his angels. Seven years before Jesus returns at the Second Coming, the scroll deed of purchase will be opened to begin bombarding the devil's kingdom through a series of 21 judgments before Jesus takes full possession of the earth (see my article called The Rapture of the Church - Part Seven). After the Second Coming, the human servants of the devil (the Antichrist and his armies) will be killed right away (which is described in detail in my article called The Second Coming), and the devil will be locked away in "the Abyss" for 1,000 years (Revelation 20:1-3). Then Jesus will take possession of the earth and rule on earth for 1,000 years. For more on these things, see my series called The Rapture of the Church.

So the devil is currently the ruler of the world, and every person (other than Jesus as we'll see) is born into his kingdom, corrupted by the sin passed down from Adam, as rebels against God because of the sin we inherited. Even though Jesus paid the purchase price and has the scroll deed of purchase, He has not yet evicted the devil and set up His own kingdom on earth. We must choose to switch allegiances in order to join Jesus' spiritual kingdom so that we can escape God's wrath against His enemies.

Notice that Eve was the one who sinned first, but Adam was the one who was held accountable for sin:
"And Adam was not the one deceived; it was the woman who was deceived and became a sinner." (1 Timothy 2:14)

"Nevertheless, death reigned from the time of Adam to the time of Moses, even over those who did not sin by breaking a command, as did Adam, who was a pattern of the one to come. But the gift is not like the trespass. For if the many died by the trespass of the one man, how much more did God's grace and the gift that came by the grace of the one man, Jesus Christ, overflow to the many! Again, the gift of God is not like the result of the one man's sin: The judgment followed one sin and brought condemnation, but the gift followed many trespasses and brought justification. For if, by the trespass of the one man, death reigned through that one man, how much more will those who receive God's abundant provision of grace and of the gift of righteousness reign in life through the one man, Jesus Christ. Consequently, just as the result of one trespass was condemnation for all men, so also the result of one act of righteousness was justification that brings life for all men. For just as through the disobedience of the one man the many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of the one man the many will be made righteous." (Romans 5:14-19)

"For as in Adam all die, so in Christ all will be made alive." (1 Corinthians 15:22)
Sin and its consequences are passed down to all people through the father, not through the mother, and the reason for this is documented in my series called New Testament Passages Concerning Women. Jesus is the only Person since Adam and Eve who was not born with inherited sin. He had to be born from a human mother in order for Him to be human, but He did not have a human father and therefore He did not inherit sin and its consequences. This was the reason for the virgin birth, and also the reason why He was able to save us from our sins. For example, if you and I are both drowning in the ocean, neither of us is able to save the other one from drowning. Only someone who is not drowning can save us. Every human is drowning in sin, so to speak, and therefore none of us can save anyone else from drowning in sin. Jesus is the only One who can save us because He's the only One who had no sin.

There's actually another reason for the virgin birth as well. Jesus will one day sit on David's throne as the rightful King (Isaiah 9:6-7, Luke 1:30-33), but my article called Covenants, Dispensations, and the Ten Commandments - Part One shows that Mary's ancestry disqualifies her family line from sitting on David's throne, and that Joseph's ancestry disqualifies his family line from sitting on David's throne. However, that article shows that in a fascinating and unique way, Jesus is qualified to sit on David's throne because of the combination of Joseph's and Mary's family lines. Only a virgin birth could make this possible, because if Jesus had been Joseph's biological son then Jesus would be disqualified from sitting on David's throne.

Prophecies

Since Jesus was able to ransom us and break the devil's power, why couldn't He have been born in the first generation after Adam and Eve so that He could ransom humanity back then? That would have broken the devil's power millennia ago, but we'll see that there was some preparation that needed to be done before Jesus could be born. In the New Testament we're told that Jesus was sent to redeem us "when the fullness of the time had come" (Galatians 4:4-5 NKJV). Jesus could not be born until the proper time had come, and that's where the prophecies in the Bible come into play.

Bible prophecies are history that's written down before it happens. We don't always know when or how they will be fulfilled, but the fact is that they will be fulfilled.

Keep in mind that the devil knows what the Bible says, probably better than many of us since he's had millennia to study it. For example, the devil quoted Psalm 91:11-12 to Jesus when he was tempting Jesus:
"Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, left the Jordan and was led by the Spirit into the wilderness, where for forty days he was tempted by the devil. He ate nothing during those days, and at the end of them he was hungry. The devil said to him, "If you are the Son of God, tell this stone to become bread." Jesus answered, "It is written: 'Man shall not live on bread alone.'" The devil led him up to a high place and showed him in an instant all the kingdoms of the world. And he said to him, "I will give you all their authority and splendor; it has been given to me, and I can give it to anyone I want to. If you worship me, it will all be yours." Jesus answered, "It is written: 'Worship the Lord your God and serve him only.'" The devil led him to Jerusalem and had him stand on the highest point of the temple. "If you are the Son of God," he said, "throw yourself down from here. For it is written: 'He will command his angels concerning you to guard you carefully; they will lift you up in their hands, so that you will not strike your foot against a stone.' Jesus answered, "It is said: 'Do not put the Lord your God to the test.'" When the devil had finished all this tempting, he left him until an opportune time." (Luke 4:1-13)

"For he will command his angels concerning you to guard you in all your ways; they will lift you up in their hands, so that you will not strike your foot against a stone." (Psalm 91:11-12)
The devil can read what's written in Scripture, but he cannot properly understand what it says because spiritual truths can only be discerned through the Spirit of God within Christians:
"For who knows a person's thoughts except their own spirit within them? In the same way no one knows the thoughts of God except the Spirit of God. What we have received is not the spirit of the world, but the Spirit who is from God, so that we may understand what God has freely given us. This is what we speak, not in words taught us by human wisdom but in words taught by the Spirit, explaining spiritual realities with Spirit-taught words. The person without the Spirit does not accept the things that come from the Spirit of God but considers them foolishness, and cannot understand them because they are discerned only through the Spirit." (1 Corinthians 2:11-14)
We tend to assume that God wrote the Bible in order to reveal information to people, but that's only partially true. For instance, the above passage makes it clear that spiritual truths can only be discerned through the Spirit of God within Christians, so these truths are hidden from everyone else (including the devil).

In addition, the Bible specifically says that information is hidden from people:
  • Jesus said that God deliberately hides information from some people:

    "At that time Jesus said, "I praise you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, because you have hidden these things from the wise and learned, and revealed them to little children."" (Matthew 11:25)

  • Jesus said that knowledge of the Father and of the Son is deliberately hidden from some people:

    "All things have been committed to me by my Father. No one knows the Son except the Father, and no one knows the Father except the Son and those to whom the Son chooses to reveal him." (Matthew 11:27)

  • While Jesus was training the apostles, they didn't always understand what He meant because the information was deliberately hidden from them:

    ""Listen carefully to what I am about to tell you: The Son of Man is going to be betrayed into the hands of men." But they did not understand what this meant. It was hidden from them, so that they did not grasp it, and they were afraid to ask him about it." (Luke 9:44-45)

    ""He will be handed over to the Gentiles. They will mock him, insult him, spit on him, flog him and kill him. On the third day he will rise again." The disciples did not understand any of this. Its meaning was hidden from them, and they did not know what he was talking about." (Luke 18:32-34)
    After Jesus was resurrected, He opened their minds so that they could understand what He had told them earlier:
    "He said to them, "This is what I told you while I was still with you: Everything must be fulfilled that is written about me in the Law of Moses, the Prophets and the Psalms." Then he opened their minds so they could understand the Scriptures." (Luke 24:44-45)
    This is an example of God deliberately hiding information until the proper time.

  • The prophet Daniel was given visions and information concerning the end-times, but he didn't understand them. Instead of explaining all of the prophecies, the angel told Daniel that some of the information will be hidden until the time of the end:

    "I heard, but I did not understand. So I asked, "My lord, what will the outcome of all this be?" He replied, "Go your way, Daniel, because the words are closed up and sealed until the time of the end."" (Daniel 12:8-9 NKJV)
    Once again we see God deliberately hiding information until the proper time. We're now living in "the time of the end" (Daniel 12:8-9, above), and the understanding of the prophecies that were given to Daniel (and given elsewhere in the Bible) is no longer hidden by being "closed up and sealed" because many of those prophecies are being fulfilled right in front our eyes (see my article called End-Times Prophecies Are Coming to Pass Right before Our Eyes).

  • Many people assume that Jesus spoke in parables in order to make spiritual truths easy for the common person to understand. However, this is a wrong assumption. Jesus specifically said that He spoke in parables so that people would not understand His meaning. It was God's purpose to deliberately hide information so that only those who had "ears to hear" would be able to understand Jesus' parables:

    ""Still other seed fell on good soil. It came up and yielded a crop, a hundred times more than was sown." When he said this, he called out, "He who has ears to hear, let him hear." His disciples asked him what this parable meant. He said, "The knowledge of the secrets of the kingdom of God has been given to you, but to others I speak in parables, so that, 'though seeing, they may not see; though hearing, they may not understand.'"" (Luke 8:8-10)
    The purpose of Jesus' parables was so that spiritual truths would be clear to some people but would be hidden from other people.

    In addition to parables, the Bible is also filled with other forms of figurative speech (similes, metaphors, personifications, hyperbole, allusions, symbolism, etc.) that can obscure meanings and require interpretation:
    "Though I have been speaking figuratively, a time is coming when I will no longer use this kind of language but will tell you plainly about my Father." (John 16:25)

    "Jesus used this figure of speech, but the Pharisees did not understand what he was telling them." (John 10:6)

    "These things are being taken figuratively: The women represent two covenants. One covenant is from Mount Sinai and bears children who are to be slaves: This is Hagar." (Galatians 4:24)
    Here we see God deliberately hiding spiritual truths through the use of parables and other figurative language.


So God reveals certain information to certain people at certain times, and hides information from everyone else, including the devil and his demons.

Prophecies in the Bible tend to be filled with symbolism. This is not for the purpose of hiding information from Christians because Christians are able to study the Bible with discernment from the Spirit of God (to learn how, see my article called How to Discern God's Guidance). The reason for the symbolic language in Bible prophecies is because the devil and his demons don't have the Holy Spirit, and neither do unsaved people. Therefore, they cannot discern how or when most prophecies will be fulfilled, so they cannot prevent the prophecies from being fulfilled.

The reason why this is important is because God gave dominion and rule over the earth to the human race, and what they did with it was then mostly under their control. After the devil usurped their dominion and rule, the human race needed to be involved in getting their dominion back as the rightful rulers. Over time, God gave prophecies to various people who recorded those prophecies in Scripture.

Many of the things recorded in the Old Testament describe the future Messiah's life and ministry and suffering and death and resurrection. Since these prophecies concerning Jesus were recorded in Scripture using symbolic language, the devil had no way of knowing when Jesus would come to the earth, and he was unable to prevent these prophecies from being fulfilled:
"Now that same day two of them were going to a village called Emmaus, about seven miles from Jerusalem. They were talking with each other about everything that had happened. As they talked and discussed these things with each other, Jesus himself came up and walked along with them; but they were kept from recognizing him. He asked them, "What are you discussing together as you walk along?" They stood still, their faces downcast. One of them, named Cleopas, asked him, "Are you the only one visiting Jerusalem who does not know the things that have happened there in these days?" "What things?" he asked. "About Jesus of Nazareth," they replied. "He was a prophet, powerful in word and deed before God and all the people. The chief priests and our rulers handed him over to be sentenced to death, and they crucified him; but we had hoped that he was the one who was going to redeem Israel. And what is more, it is the third day since all this took place. In addition, some of our women amazed us. They went to the tomb early this morning but didn't find his body. They came and told us that they had seen a vision of angels, who said he was alive. Then some of our companions went to the tomb and found it just as the women had said, but they did not see Jesus." He said to them, "How foolish you are, and how slow to believe all that the prophets have spoken! Did not the Messiah have to suffer these things and then enter his glory?" And beginning with Moses and all the Prophets, he explained to them what was said in all the Scriptures concerning himself." (Luke 24:13-27)

"He said to them, "This is what I told you while I was still with you: Everything must be fulfilled that is written about me in the Law of Moses, the Prophets and the Psalms." Then he opened their minds so they could understand the Scriptures." (Luke 24:44-45)

"and that he may send the Messiah, who has been appointed for you - even Jesus. Heaven must receive him until the time comes for God to restore everything, as he promised long ago through his holy prophets. For Moses said, 'The Lord your God will raise up for you a prophet like me from among your own people; you must listen to everything he tells you. Anyone who does not listen to him will be completely cut off from their people.' Indeed, beginning with Samuel, all the prophets who have spoken have foretold these days. And you are heirs of the prophets and of the covenant God made with your fathers. He said to Abraham, 'Through your offspring all peoples on earth will be blessed.'" (Acts 3:20-25)

"All the prophets testify about him that everyone who believes in him receives forgiveness of sins through his name." (Acts 10:43)

"As was his custom, Paul went into the synagogue, and on three Sabbath days he reasoned with them from the Scriptures, explaining and proving that the Messiah had to suffer and rise from the dead. "This Jesus I am proclaiming to you is the Messiah," he said." (Acts 17:2-3)

"But God has helped me to this very day; so I stand here and testify to small and great alike. I am saying nothing beyond what the prophets and Moses said would happen - that the Messiah would suffer and, as the first to rise from the dead, would bring the message of light to his own people and to the Gentiles." (Acts 26:22-23)

"Now to him who is able to establish you in accordance with my gospel, the message I proclaim about Jesus Christ, in keeping with the revelation of the mystery hidden for long ages past, but now revealed and made known through the prophetic writings by the command of the eternal God, so that all the Gentiles might come to the obedience that comes from faith" (Romans 16:25-26)

"We do, however, speak a message of wisdom among the mature, but not the wisdom of this age or of the rulers of this age, who are coming to nothing. No, we declare God's wisdom, a mystery that has been hidden and that God destined for our glory before time began. None of the rulers of this age understood it, for if they had, they would not have crucified the Lord of glory." (1 Corinthians 2:6-8)

"In him we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of sins, in accordance with the riches of God's grace that he lavished on us. With all wisdom and understanding, he made known to us the mystery of his will according to his good pleasure, which he purposed in Christ, to be put into effect when the times reach their fulfillment - to bring unity to all things in heaven and on earth under Christ." (Ephesians 1:7-10)

"For this reason I, Paul, the prisoner of Christ Jesus for the sake of you Gentiles - Surely you have heard about the administration of God's grace that was given to me for you, that is, the mystery made known to me by revelation, as I have already written briefly. In reading this, then, you will be able to understand my insight into the mystery of Christ, which was not made known to people in other generations as it has now been revealed by the Spirit to God's holy apostles and prophets. This mystery is that through the gospel the Gentiles are heirs together with Israel, members together of one body, and sharers together in the promise in Christ Jesus. I became a servant of this gospel by the gift of God's grace given me through the working of his power. Although I am less than the least of all the Lord's people, this grace was given me: to preach to the Gentiles the boundless riches of Christ, and to make plain to everyone the administration of this mystery, which for ages past was kept hidden in God, who created all things. His intent was that now, through the church, the manifold wisdom of God should be made known to the rulers and authorities in the heavenly realms, according to his eternal purpose that he accomplished in Christ Jesus our Lord." (Ephesians 3:1-11)

"I have become its servant by the commission God gave me to present to you the word of God in its fullness - the mystery that has been kept hidden for ages and generations, but is now disclosed to the Lord's people." (Colossians 1:25-26)

"Concerning this salvation, the prophets, who spoke of the grace that was to come to you, searched intently and with the greatest care, trying to find out the time and circumstances to which the Spirit of Christ in them was pointing when he predicted the sufferings of the Messiah and the glories that would follow. It was revealed to them that they were not serving themselves but you, when they spoke of the things that have now been told you by those who have preached the gospel to you by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven. Even angels long to look into these things." (1 Peter 1:10-12)
The prophecies in the Bible give us a huge amount of amazing and fascinating information about what's coming in the near future and on into eternity (see the End-Times Prophecies menu on my home page). As the above passages describe, the Old Testament provides numerous prophecies and foreshadowings concerning Jesus' life and ministry and death and resurrection. More on this later.

Why was Jesus' blood able to atone for our sins?

We've seen that God gave authority over the world to the human race, and then He gave Adam a test of obedience. If Adam had chosen to be obedient to God, that would have placed him (and us) in God's domain. But instead, he turned away to follow another god as we saw earlier, which placed him (and us) in the devil's domain. By following the devil instead of following God, this made Adam and Eve captives of the devil because "you are slaves of the one you obey" (Romans 6:16). As slaves of the devil, they gave up their authority to him, which has some consequences.

One consequence is that this gave control over the world to the devil as we've seen. In other words, the devil has the conqueror's legal right to control the world (until he himself is conquered) because the representative of the human race gave up his legal right to the devil. This caused God's hands to be tied in certain ways because we've seen that God has bound Himself to honor agreements, covenants, prophecies, laws, legalities, and so on. As we saw, when the devil was tempting Jesus he said that the authority over all of the kingdoms of the world had been given to him, and Jesus did not dispute this fact (Luke 4:5-8, above). We've also seen that the devil is limited in what he can do because God is sovereign over everything.

Another consequence is that since God gave the human race authority over the world, and the original representative of the human race gave up that authority, it was the human race's responsibility to get that authority back. If you recall, a kinsman-redeemer is needed who can buy back the land that a family had sold or lost (Leviticus 25, above). We needed a new representative human, a kinsman-redeemer who was not a slave of the devil, to redeem us and restore authority back to the human race. Again, this is why Jesus came to the earth through a virgin birth, so that He could be our kinsman-redeemer without any inherited sin from Adam (because Jesus was not born into the devil's domain as everyone else is).

But why couldn't one of Adam and Eve's daughters have been the virgin mother who gave birth to Jesus? That would have restored the human race's authority right from the beginning.

We don't know (and probably wouldn't understand) all of God's plans, but what we do know is that He has established "set times" and "appointed times," and that He has "determined" events far in advance, and that He has "marked out their appointed times in history and the boundaries of their lands," and so on (e.g., Nehemiah 10:34, Daniel 7:25, 11:36, Leviticus 23:4, Job 14:5, Isaiah 14:26-27, Zechariah 1:6, 1 Corinthians 15:37-38, Acts 17:26-27).

As we saw earlier, God had predetermined a set time when Jesus would be born on earth, but first He needed some things to be accomplished by humans in order to carry out His plans. To understand why, recall that God owns the earth, almost like a landlord owns an apartment building. Humans are tenants on the earth and were given a certain degree of authority over the earth, almost like tenants in an apartment have a certain degree of authority in their apartment, to decorate it and so on. In this analogy, consider that a landlord can't just walk into someone's apartment anytime he wants, even though he owns the apartment building. He needs to knock and identify himself and make his intentions known (such as asking the tenants to turn down their loud music), and then it's up to the tenants to choose to accomplish the task. Similarly, God has identified Himself and made His intentions known to His prophets and servants over the course of human history, and it was their choice to record His prophecies and do the things He asked of them. In this way, God's plans were being carried out because He needs humans (the tenants) to do the work here on earth (with His guidance and help) as in these examples:
"His brothers then came and threw themselves down before him. "We are your slaves," they said. But Joseph said to them, "Don't be afraid. Am I in the place of God? You intended to harm me, but God intended it for good to accomplish what is now being done, the saving of many lives."" (Genesis 50:18-20)

"Moses said to the LORD, "Pardon your servant, Lord. I have never been eloquent, neither in the past nor since you have spoken to your servant. I am slow of speech and tongue." The LORD said to him, "Who gave human beings their mouths? Who makes them deaf or mute? Who gives them sight or makes them blind? Is it not I, the LORD? Now go; I will help you speak and will teach you what to say." But Moses said, "Pardon your servant, Lord. Please send someone else." Then the LORD's anger burned against Moses and he said, "What about your brother, Aaron the Levite? I know he can speak well. He is already on his way to meet you, and he will be glad to see you. You shall speak to him and put words in his mouth; I will help both of you speak and will teach you what to do. He will speak to the people for you, and it will be as if he were your mouth and as if you were God to him."" (Exodus 4:10-16)

"This is what the LORD says - your Redeemer, who formed you in the womb: I am the LORD, the Maker of all things, who stretches out the heavens, who spreads out the earth by myself, who foils the signs of false prophets and makes fools of diviners, who overthrows the learning of the wise and turns it into nonsense, who carries out the words of his servants and fulfills the predictions of his messengers, who says of Jerusalem, 'It shall be inhabited,' of the towns of Judah, 'They shall be rebuilt,' and of their ruins, 'I will restore them,' who says to the watery deep, 'Be dry, and I will dry up your streams,' who says of Cyrus, 'He is my shepherd and will accomplish all that I please; he will say of Jerusalem, "Let it be rebuilt," and of the temple, "Let its foundations be laid."'" (Isaiah 44:24-28)

""For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways," declares the LORD. "As the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways and my thoughts than your thoughts. As the rain and the snow come down from heaven, and do not return to it without watering the earth and making it bud and flourish, so that it yields seed for the sower and bread for the eater, so is my word that goes out from my mouth: It will not return to me empty, but will accomplish what I desire and achieve the purpose for which I sent it."" (Isaiah 55:8-11)

"From the time your ancestors left Egypt until now, day after day, again and again I sent you my servants the prophets." (Jeremiah 7:25)

"And though the LORD has sent all his servants the prophets to you again and again, you have not listened or paid any attention." (Jeremiah 25:4)

"The king will do as he pleases. He will exalt and magnify himself above every god and will say unheard-of things against the God of gods. He will be successful until the time of wrath is completed, for what has been determined must take place." (Daniel 11:36)

"When a trumpet sounds in a city, do not the people tremble? When disaster comes to a city, has not the LORD caused it? Surely the Sovereign LORD does nothing without revealing his plan to his servants the prophets." (Amos 3:6-7)

"Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them. For truly I tell you, until heaven and earth disappear, not the smallest letter, not the least stroke of a pen, will by any means disappear from the Law until everything is accomplished." (Matthew 5:17-18)

"I will not venture to speak of anything except what Christ has accomplished through me in leading the Gentiles to obey God by what I have said and done - by the power of signs and wonders, through the power of the Spirit of God. So from Jerusalem all the way around to Illyricum, I have fully proclaimed the gospel of Christ." (Romans 15:18-19)

"But in the days when the seventh angel is about to sound his trumpet, the mystery of God will be accomplished, just as he announced to his servants the prophets." (Revelation 10:7)

"Then the angel said to me, "The waters you saw, where the prostitute sits, are peoples, multitudes, nations and languages. The beast and the ten horns you saw will hate the prostitute. They will bring her to ruin and leave her naked; they will eat her flesh and burn her with fire. For God has put it into their hearts to accomplish his purpose by agreeing to hand over to the beast their royal authority, until God's words are fulfilled."" (Revelation 17:15-17)
Humans have been involved in almost every aspect of preparing the way for Jesus to be born and to give His life as a ransom to free us from slavery to sin and to break the devil's power over us. Jesus' birth and life and ministry and death and resurrection were recorded by humans in prophetic language long before they happened. Just as spies use coded language to prevent anyone else from understanding the message, prophetic language is filled with symbolism that prevents the devil and his servants from understanding the meaning of the prophecies and foreshadowings. However, the first-century Jewish religious leaders should have seen that the prophecies for confirming the arrival of the long-awaited Messiah were being fulfilled by Jesus (e.g., John 5:36-47). Since they officially rejected Jesus as the Messiah, this brought terrible judgment on their generation (described in detail in my article called The Second Coming).

People sacrificed animals to God hundreds of years or more before the time of Moses, but those were for offerings, not atonement for sins. The first time we see the blood of a sacrificed animal being used as protection from the punishment for someone's sins is in the Passover lambs:
"The LORD said to Moses and Aaron in Egypt, "This month is to be for you the first month, the first month of your year. Tell the whole community of Israel that on the tenth day of this month each man is to take a lamb for his family, one for each household. If any household is too small for a whole lamb, they must share one with their nearest neighbor, having taken into account the number of people there are. You are to determine the amount of lamb needed in accordance with what each person will eat. The animals you choose must be year-old males without defect, and you may take them from the sheep or the goats. Take care of them until the fourteenth day of the month, when all the members of the community of Israel must slaughter them at twilight. Then they are to take some of the blood and put it on the sides and tops of the doorframes of the houses where they eat the lambs. That same night they are to eat the meat roasted over the fire, along with bitter herbs, and bread made without yeast. Do not eat the meat raw or boiled in water, but roast it over a fire - with the head, legs and internal organs. Do not leave any of it till morning; if some is left till morning, you must burn it. This is how you are to eat it: with your cloak tucked into your belt, your sandals on your feet and your staff in your hand. Eat it in haste; it is the LORD's Passover. On that same night I will pass through Egypt and strike down every firstborn of both people and animals, and I will bring judgment on all the gods of Egypt. I am the LORD. The blood will be a sign for you on the houses where you are, and when I see the blood, I will pass over you. No destructive plague will touch you when I strike Egypt."" (Exodus 12:1-13)
This sacrifice did not atone for the Israelites' sins, but instead it protected the Israelites from God's judgment on Egypt due to Pharaoh's sins.

Shortly after the Israelites left Egypt with Moses, God initiated the Old Covenant and the requirement that blood must be shed to atone for the Israelites' sins:
"For the life of a creature is in the blood, and I have given it to you to make atonement for yourselves on the altar; it is the blood that makes atonement for one's life. Therefore I say to the Israelites, "None of you may eat blood, nor may any foreigner residing among you eat blood. Any Israelite or any foreigner residing among you who hunts any animal or bird that may be eaten must drain out the blood and cover it with earth, because the life of every creature is its blood. That is why I have said to the Israelites, "You must not eat the blood of any creature, because the life of every creature is its blood; anyone who eats it must be cut off.""" (Leviticus 17:11-14)
So we're told that the life of a creature is in the blood, and that the blood provides a "covering" for one's life (which is what the Hebrew word for "atonement" means in Leviticus 17:11-14, above). We're also told that "without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness" (Hebrews 9:22). This is why Jesus' blood needed to be shed to atone for our sins, and in the next two sections we'll examine in detail what He did for us when He was humiliated and brutally tortured and executed and resurrected (which we call the Atonement).

Sin was put to death, not punished

(Some of this information comes from chapter 3 in the free PDF of my book called Divine Healing Absolutely Is for Today, and is copied here due to its relevance.)

Jesus said that He came to fulfill the Law of Moses and the prophets (Matthew 5:17, Luke 24:44). Therefore, He fulfilled the atonement rituals in the Law of Moses, such as this one that was commanded to be done on the Day of Atonement:
"This is how Aaron is to enter the Most Holy Place:...Aaron is to offer the bull for his own sin offering to make atonement for himself and his household...He is to cast lots for the two goats - one lot for the LORD and the other for the scapegoat. Aaron shall bring the goat whose lot falls to the LORD and sacrifice it for a sin offering. But the goat chosen by lot as the scapegoat shall be presented alive before the LORD to be used for making atonement by sending it into the wilderness as a scapegoat...He is to take some of the bull's blood and with his finger sprinkle it on the front of the atonement cover; then he shall sprinkle some of it with his finger seven times before the atonement cover. He shall then slaughter the goat for the sin offering for the people and take its blood behind the curtain and do with it as he did with the bull's blood: He shall sprinkle it on the atonement cover and in front of it. In this way he will make atonement for the Most Holy Place because of the uncleanness and rebellion of the Israelites, whatever their sins have been...He is to lay both hands on the head of the live goat and confess over it all the wickedness and rebellion of the Israelites - all their sins - and put them on the goat's head. He shall send the goat away into the wilderness in the care of someone appointed for the task. The goat will carry on itself all their sins to a remote place; and the man shall release it in the wilderness." (Leviticus 16:3-22)
Moses' brother Aaron was the high priest (Exodus 28:1-43), and before making atonement for the Israelites he first needed to make atonement for his own sins (Leviticus 16:6, above). Jesus is our High Priest (Hebrews 3:1, 4:14, 6:20, 9:11), and He did not need to atone for His own sins because He had no sin in Him (2 Corinthians 5:21, Hebrews 4:15, 7:26, 1 John 3:5).

Aaron was told to cast lots for two goats: "one lot for the LORD and the other for the scapegoat" (Leviticus 16:8, above). The ASV version of the Bible uses a more literal translation: "one lot for Jehovah, and the other lot for Azazel" (Leviticus 16:8 ASV). According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, "Azazel" is:
"The name of a supernatural being mentioned in connection with the ritual of the Day of Atonement (Lev. xvi.). After Satan, for whom he was in some degree a preparation, Azazel enjoys the distinction of being the most mysterious extrahuman character in sacred literature...Far from involving the recognition of Azazel as a deity, the sending of the goat was, as stated by Nahmanides, a symbolic expression of the idea that the people's sins and their evil consequences were to be sent back to the spirit of desolation and ruin, the source of all impurity. The very fact that the two goats were presented before Yhwh before the one was sacrificed and the other sent into the wilderness, was proof that Azazel was not ranked with Yhwh, but regarded simply as the personification of wickedness in contrast with the righteous government of Yhwh." (Jewish Encyclopedia Offsite Link)
The goat that was chosen "for the Lord" was sacrificed as a sin offering, and Aaron the high priest sprinkled its blood to cleanse the earthly tabernacle or Most Holy Place (Leviticus 16:6, 11, 14-20), just as he did with the bull's blood. Jesus was the sin offering for the whole world (Isaiah 53:10, Ephesians 5:2, Hebrews 7:27, Hebrews 9:14 NKJV, Hebrews 9:28 NKJV, Hebrews 10:10 NKJV, Hebrews 10:12 NKJV, Hebrews 10:14 NKJV), and He sprinkled His own blood on the heavenly tabernacle or Most Holy Place (Hebrews 9:11-28).

The goat that was chosen "for Azazel" was presented alive before the Lord (Leviticus 16:10, above), then Aaron laid both hands on the goat's head and confessed over it all of the Israelites' sins to put them onto the goat. Then the goat was led outside of the Israelites' camp into the wilderness, carrying away all of their sins (Leviticus 16:21-22, above). Jesus was led outside of the Israelites' camp, i.e., outside the Jerusalem city gate (Hebrews 13:11-13) to be executed. Recall that He gave His life to the devil (to be our ransom), just as the goat's life was given to the demon called Azazel. In this way, Jesus fulfilled both the "for Azazel" goat and the "for the Lord" goat in the Atonement.

Another atonement ritual was for any Israelites who realized that they had unintentionally sinned:
"If any member of the community sins unintentionally and does what is forbidden in any of the LORD's commands, when they realize their guilt and the sin they have committed becomes known, they must bring as their offering for the sin they committed a female goat without defect. They are to lay their hand on the head of the sin offering and slaughter it at the place of the burnt offering. Then the priest is to take some of the blood with his finger and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering and pour out the rest of the blood at the base of the altar. They shall remove all the fat, just as the fat is removed from the fellowship offering, and the priest shall burn it on the altar as an aroma pleasing to the LORD. In this way the priest will make atonement for them, and they will be forgiven." (Leviticus 4:27-31)
The sin offerings for individual Israelites all essentially worked the same way. The one who unintentionally sinned brought an animal to the priest, then placed their hand on the animal's head (Leviticus 4:2-4, 13-15, 22-24, 27-29, 32-33). This was apparently for the purpose of placing the sin onto the animal as in Leviticus 16:21, although that's not specified. Then the animal was killed, and the priest performed certain actions with the animal's blood and body as in the above passage.

When animals were killed as sin offerings, sin was not punished; it was put to death. This was not a permanent atonement; sacrifices were needed for each occurrence of sin (Leviticus 4).

In exactly the same way, when Jesus was killed as a sin offering, sin was not punished; it was put to death. This was a permanent atonement; no more sacrifices are needed to atone for sin (Hebrews 9:25-28, 10:11-14).

Jesus was human, so His dead body was handled in accordance with Jewish burial customs (Matthew 27:57-60, Mark 15:42-46, Luke 23:50-56, John 19:38-42) instead of being gutted and burned as the sacrificed animals were (Leviticus 4:27-31, 16:25-27). He is both our High Priest (as we saw) and our sin offering (as we saw), and He sprinkled His own blood on the heavenly tabernacle or Most Holy Place (Hebrews 9:11-28).

Many Christians believe that Jesus died on the cross in our place as our Substitute, taking the punishment that we deserved for our sins. But throughout the New Testament, when it mentions the cross and its effect on sin, it does not speak of punishment; it speaks of death as in these examples:
"What shall we say, then? Shall we go on sinning so that grace may increase? By no means! We are those who have died to sin; how can we live in it any longer?" (Romans 6:1-2)

"Or don't you know that all of us who were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? We were therefore buried with him through baptism into death in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, we too may live a new life. For if we have been united with him in a death like his, we will certainly also be united with him in a resurrection like his." (Romans 6:3-5)

"For we know that our old self was crucified with him so that the body ruled by sin might be done away with, that we should no longer be slaves to sin - because anyone who has died has been set free from sin. Now if we died with Christ, we believe that we will also live with him." (Romans 6:6-8)

"Knowing that Christ, having been raised from the dead, dies no more. Death no longer has dominion over Him. For the death that He died, He died to sin once for all; but the life that He lives, He lives to God. Likewise you also, reckon yourselves to be dead indeed to sin, but alive to God in Christ Jesus our Lord." (Romans 6:9-11 NKJV)

"Therefore, my brethren, you also have become dead to the law through the body of Christ, that you may be married to another - to Him who was raised from the dead, that we should bear fruit to God." (Romans 7:4 NKJV)

"For what the law was powerless to do because it was weakened by the flesh, God did by sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh to be a sin offering. And so he condemned sin in the flesh" (Romans 8:3)

"For if you live according to the flesh you will die; but if by the Spirit you put to death the deeds of the body, you will live." (Romans 8:13 NKJV)

"For Christ's love compels us, because we are convinced that one died for all, and therefore all died. And he died for all, that those who live should no longer live for themselves but for him who died for them and was raised again." (2 Corinthians 5:14-15)

"For He Himself is our peace, who has made both one, and has broken down the middle wall of separation, having abolished in His flesh the enmity, that is, the law of commandments contained in ordinances, so as to create in Himself one new man from the two, thus making peace, and that He might reconcile them both to God in one body through the cross, thereby putting to death the enmity." (Ephesians 2:14-16 NKJV)

"Since you died with Christ to the elemental spiritual forces of this world, why, as though you still belonged to the world, do you submit to its rules" (Colossians 2:20)

"Set your mind on things above, not on things on the earth. For you died, and your life is hidden with Christ in God. When Christ who is our life appears, then you also will appear with Him in glory. Therefore put to death your members which are on the earth: fornication, uncleanness, passion, evil desire, and covetousness, which is idolatry." (Colossians 3:2-5 NKJV)

"Here is a trustworthy saying: If we died with him, we will also live with him" (2 Timothy 2:11)

"who Himself bore our sins in His own body on the tree, that we, having died to sins, might live for righteousness - by whose stripes you were healed." (1 Peter 2:24 NKJV)
We're repeatedly told that Christians have died to sin because of Christ's atoning sacrifice. We're never told that sin was punished on the cross. In Romans 8:3 (above), we see that Jesus condemned sin, and a number of Bible commentaries Offsite Link say that the Greek word for "condemned" refers to being put to death (e.g., Romans 5:16-18).

Sin was put to death--not punished--on the cross, which atoned for all of the sins of the world throughout all time (my article called Our Lives Are Not Predestined shows that the Calvinist view of Limited Atonement is completely unscriptural and completely wrong).

Unfortunately, the NIV uses the word "punished" in several places in reference to the Atonement, which gives the wrong impression.

For example, the NIV says that God had "left the sins committed beforehand unpunished" (Romans 3:25), which seems to imply that our sins were punished on the cross (since they were "unpunished" before the cross). However, this is a misleading translation on the part of the NIV as we can see when we compare that verse in several different versions of the Bible:
"God presented Christ as a sacrifice of atonement, through the shedding of his blood - to be received by faith. He did this to demonstrate his righteousness, because in his forbearance he had left the sins committed beforehand unpunished" (Romans 3:25 NIV)

"whom God set forth as a propitiation by His blood, through faith, to demonstrate His righteousness, because in His forbearance God had passed over the sins that were previously committed" (Romans 3:25 NKJV)

"whom God did set forth a mercy seat, through the faith in his blood, for the shewing forth of His righteousness, because of the passing over of the bygone sins in the forbearance of God" (Romans 3:25 YLT)

"whom God set forth to be a propitiation, through faith, in his blood, to show his righteousness because of the passing over of the sins done aforetime, in the forbearance of God" (Romans 3:25 ASV)
So in the original Greek, Romans 3:25 (above) does not make any reference to punishment, it simply says that God "passed over" (literally, "overlooked") people's sins before the cross.


Here's another example. In Isaiah 53:4-5 (below), the NIV says that the future Messiah will be considered as being "punished" by God in the Atonement. However, this is another unfortunate translation on the part of the NIV as we can see when we compare that passage in several different versions of the Bible:
"Surely he took up our pain and bore our suffering, yet we considered him punished [naga] by God, stricken by him, and afflicted. But he was pierced for our transgressions, he was crushed for our iniquities; the punishment [musar] that brought us peace was on him, and by his wounds we are healed." (Isaiah 53:4-5 NIV)

"Surely He has borne our griefs And carried our sorrows; Yet we esteemed Him stricken [naga], Smitten by God, and afflicted. But He was wounded for our transgressions, He was bruised for our iniquities; The chastisement [musar] for our peace was upon Him, And by His stripes we are healed." (Isaiah 53:4-5 NKJV)

"Surely our sicknesses he hath borne, And our pains - he hath carried them, And we - we have esteemed him plagued [naga], Smitten of God, and afflicted. And he is pierced for our transgressions, Bruised for our iniquities, The chastisement [musar] of our peace is on him, And by his bruise there is healing to us." (Isaiah 53:4-5 YLT)

"Surely he hath borne our griefs, and carried our sorrows; yet we did esteem him stricken [naga], smitten of God, and afflicted. But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities; the chastisement [musar] of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed." (Isaiah 53:4-5 ASV)
In Isaiah 53:4 (above), the Hebrew word naga is translated as "punished" in the NIV, and it means:
"properly to touch, that is, lay the hand upon (for any purpose; euphemistically, to lie with a woman); by implication to reach (figuratively to arrive, acquire); violently, to strike (punish, defeat, destroy, etc.): - beat, (X be able to) bring (down), cast, come (nigh), draw near (nigh), get up, happen, join, near, plague, reach (up), smite, strike, touch." (Strong's Hebrew and Greek Dictionary)

"to touch, to reach, to strike." (The Complete Word Study Dictionary of the Old and New Testaments, Dr. Spiros Zodhiates)
So this Hebrew word refers to touching or striking something or someone, which could be for the purpose of punishment. Notice that the above passage does not say that Jesus was punished or stricken or smitten by God, but instead it says that we considered Him as being punished or stricken or smitten by God in the Atonement. Although most Christians today are fulfilling Isaiah's prophecy that "we considered him punished by God," this is actually a wrong understanding of the Atonement because God was not punishing sin or punishing us or punishing Jesus on the cross.

In Isaiah 53:5 (above), the Hebrew word musar is translated as "punishment" in the NIV, and it means:
"properly chastisement; figuratively reproof, warning or instruction; also restraint: - bond, chastening ([-eth]), chastisement, check, correction, discipline, doctrine, instruction, rebuke." (Strong's Hebrew and Greek Dictionary)

"instruction, discipline" (The Complete Word Study Dictionary of the Old and New Testaments, Dr. Spiros Zodhiates)

"literally, the correction inflicted by a parent on children for their good (Heb 12:5-8, Heb 12:10, Heb 12:11). Not punishment strictly; for this can have place only where there is guilt, which He had not; but He took on Himself the chastisement whereby the peace (reconciliation with our Father; Rom 5:1; Eph 2:14, Eph 2:15, Eph 2:17) of the children of God was to be effected (Heb 2:14)." (Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown Commentary, Isaiah 53:5, emphasis added)

"It is properly that which corrects, whether it be by admonition, counsel, punishment, or suffering. Here it cannot properly mean punishment - for there is no punishment where there is no guilt, and the Redeemer had done no sin; but it means that he took upon himself the sufferings which would secure the peace of those for whom he died - those which, if they could have been endured by themselves, would have effected their peace with God. The word peace means evidently their peace with God; reconciliation with their Creator." (Albert Barnes' Notes on the Bible, Isaiah 53:5, emphasis added)
So the Hebrew word musar refers to chastisement, discipline, instruction, or correction, such as when a parent teaches a child a lesson by disciplining the child. This is not discipline for the purpose of wrath or vengeance or retribution (such as punishing sin), this is something that brings correction (such as correcting a child's behavior). The above Bible commentaries point out that this correction brought about a reconciliation between us and our Father.

Jesus never did anything wrong, so He did not need any punishment or discipline on the cross as in correcting a child's behavior. Jesus also did not receive any punishment or discipline in our place on the cross as in correcting a child's behavior because our sins did not need correcting, they needed to be atoned for.

Therefore, the concept of being punished or disciplined for correction does not fit any of the purposes for the cross, which means that these are all incorrect ways of translating the Hebrew word musar in Isaiah 53:5 (above). Isaiah wasn't prophesying about "the punishment that brought us peace" (NIV) or "the chastisement of/for our peace" (other translations), he was prophesying about something else.

Notice how the apostle Paul described the parallels between Adam and Christ:
"Nevertheless, death reigned from the time of Adam to the time of Moses, even over those who did not sin by breaking a command, as did Adam, who is a pattern of the one to come." (Romans 5:14)

"But the gift is not like the trespass. For if the many died by the trespass of the one man, how much more did God's grace and the gift that came by the grace of the one man, Jesus Christ, overflow to the many!" (Romans 5:15)

"Nor can the gift of God be compared with the result of one man's sin: The judgment followed one sin and brought condemnation, but the gift followed many trespasses and brought justification." (Romans 5:16)

"For if, by the trespass of the one man, death reigned through that one man, how much more will those who receive God's abundant provision of grace and of the gift of righteousness reign in life through the one man, Jesus Christ!" (Romans 5:17)

"Consequently, just as one trespass resulted in condemnation for all people, so also one righteous act resulted in justification and life for all people." (Romans 5:18)

"For just as through the disobedience of the one man the many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of the one man the many will be made righteous." (Romans 5:19)

"For since death came through a man, the resurrection of the dead comes also through a man." (1 Corinthians 15:21)

"For as in Adam all die, so in Christ all will be made alive." (1 Corinthians 15:22)
Adam's disobedience brought sin into the world, which every human has inherited (other than Jesus), and this brought condemnation and God's wrath onto every one of us. Our relationship with God was broken due to sin. Jesus was obedient even to the point of death (Philippians 2:8), and His blood shed on the cross enables us to have peace with God (Romans 5:1-2, Ephesians 2:14-17, Colossians 1:20-22).

Jesus corrected our broken relationship with God, making peace through His blood shed on the cross (Colossians 1:20-22), and therefore the best translation of Isaiah 53:5 (above) is: "the correction of our peace was on Him." Jesus did not go to the cross for the punishment that brought us peace with God or the chastisement of our peace with God or the disciplining for our peace with God, He went to the cross for the correction of our peace with God.


Here's another example in which the NIV uses the word "punished," which gives the wrong impression. We've seen that Isaiah 53 describes the future Messiah and the Atonement, and immediately after Isaiah 53:5 (above) the NIV says:
"We all, like sheep, have gone astray, each of us has turned to our own way; and the LORD has laid on him the iniquity of us all. He was oppressed and afflicted, yet he did not open his mouth; he was led like a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before its shearers is silent, so he did not open his mouth. By oppression and judgment he was taken away. Yet who of his generation protested? For he was cut off from the land of the living; for the transgression of my people he was punished [nega]." (Isaiah 53:6-8)
In the above passage the NIV has translated the Hebrew word nega as "punished," but the word actually means:
"A masculine noun meaning a blemish, a mark, a stroke, a plague. This word comes from the verb naga (H5060), meaning to touch or to strike, and is best understood as a blemish that has been created by touching or striking. In the majority of instances, it described a blemish inflicted by leprosy or a skin disease that the priest was to discern (used over sixty times in Lev. 13-14). It also referred to a physical injury inflicted by another person (Deut 17:8; Deut 21:5; Isa 53:8)" (The Complete Word Study Dictionary of the Old and New Testaments, Dr. Spiros Zodhiates, nega, emphasis added)
So this Hebrew word does not specifically refer to punishment, it refers to being struck or plagued, or the marks left by being struck or plagued, as we can see in other translations of Isaiah 53:8:
"By oppression and judgment he was taken away; and as for his generation, who among them considered that he was cut off out of the land of the living for the transgression of my people to whom the stroke [nega] was due?" (Isaiah 53:8 ASV)

"He was taken from oppression and from judgment; and who shall declare his generation? for he was cut off out of the land of the living; for the transgression of my people was he stricken [nega]." (Isaiah 53:8 Darby)

"He was taken away because of oppression and judgment; and who considered His fate? For He was cut off from the land of the living; He was struck [nega] because of my people's rebellion." (Isaiah 53:8 HCSB)

"He was taken from prison and from judgment: and who shall declare his generation? for he was cut off out of the land of the living: for the transgression of my people was he stricken [nega]." (Isaiah 53:8 KJV)

"By oppression and judgment He was taken away; And as for His generation, who considered That He was cut off from the land of the living For the wrongdoing of my people, to whom the blow [nega] was due?" (Isaiah 53:8 NASB)

"He was taken from prison and from judgment, And who will declare His generation? For He was cut off from the land of the living; For the transgressions of My people He was stricken [nega]." (Isaiah 53:8 NKJV)

"By oppression and judgment he was taken away; and as for his generation, who considered that he was cut off out of the land of the living, stricken [nega] for the transgression of my people?" (Isaiah 53:8 RSV)

"By restraint and by judgment he hath been taken, And of his generation who doth meditate, That he hath been cut off from the land of the living? By the transgression of My people he is plagued [nega]" (Isaiah 53:8 YLT)
In different Bible translations, when you see words in italics, those words were added by the translators and are not in the original Hebrew or Greek (the Hebrew word in square brackets in the above passages was added by me). In the above translations of Isaiah 53:8 we can see once again that the Hebrew word nega does not refer to Jesus being punished, or sin being punished, or Jesus taking the punishment that we deserved, in order to atone for our sins. Instead, it refers to Jesus being struck, which happened when He was viciously flogged on His back, creating bloody ribbons of flesh (His "stripes") as we'll see. Two of the above translations say that the Messiah would receive the stroke or blow that "was due" the people who transgressed, giving the impression that Jesus received the punishment that was due us for our sins. However, in both translations the words "was due" are in italics, showing that those words were added by the translators based on their assumption of how to interpret Isaiah 53:8 (above).


Two other Hebrew words that the NIV translates as "punish" are:
paqad:
"A verb meaning to attend, to visit, and to search out. The word refers to someone (usually God) paying attention to persons, either to do them good (Gen 50:24-25; Exo 3:16; 1Sa 2:21; Jer 23:2); or to bring punishment or harm" (The Complete Word Study Dictionary of the Old and New Testaments, Dr. Spiros Zodhiates, paqad)

yakah:
"A verb meaning to argue, to convince, to convict, to judge, to reprove...The word may also refer to physical circumstances being used to reprove sin (2Sa 7:14; Hab 1:12)." (The Complete Word Study Dictionary of the Old and New Testaments, Dr. Spiros Zodhiates, yakah)
In the following two passages, notice that the NIV translates the above Hebrew words as "punish," and it translates the Hebrew word nega (used in Isaiah 53:8, above) as "flogging":
"I will punish [paqad] their sin with the rod, their iniquity with flogging [nega]" (Psalm 89:32)

"I will be his father, and he will be my son. When he does wrong, I will punish [yakah] him with a rod wielded by men, with floggings [nega] inflicted by human hands." (2 Samuel 7:14)
So even in the NIV, the Hebrew word nega does not specifically refer to punishment, it refers to being struck or plagued, or the marks left by being struck or plagued, as we saw a moment ago. Therefore, Isaiah 53:8 does not mean "for the transgression of my people he was punished" (NIV), it means "for the transgression of my people was he stricken" (KJV). In the KJV and certain other English translations, the Hebrew word nega in Psalm 89:32 (above) and 2 Samuel 7:14 (above) is translated as "stripes," referring to the bloody ribbons of flesh on Jesus' back after He was flogged in the Atonement. For a full understanding of the purpose for Jesus' stripes, see chapter 3 in the free PDF of my book called Divine Healing Absolutely Is for Today.


Concerning punishment, another thing that has confused people is that just before Jesus died on the cross, He cried out, "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?":
"From noon until three in the afternoon darkness came over all the land. About three in the afternoon Jesus cried out in a loud voice, "Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani?" (which means "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?"). When some of those standing there heard this, they said, "He's calling Elijah." Immediately one of them ran and got a sponge. He filled it with wine vinegar, put it on a staff, and offered it to Jesus to drink. The rest said, "Now leave him alone. Let's see if Elijah comes to save him." And when Jesus had cried out again in a loud voice, he gave up his spirit." (Matthew 27:45-50)
When Jesus cried out "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?" on the cross, some people interpret this as evidence that Jesus was being punished for our sins because God had withdrawn Himself from Jesus (temporarily). But recall that Jesus had planned for this moment from before the creation of the world (1 Peter 1:18-20, Revelation 13:8), and He repeatedly said that He knew in advance about His death and resurrection (Matthew 16:21, 17:22-23, 20:17-19, Mark 8:31, 9:30-31, 10:32-34, Luke 9:21-22, 13:31-32, 18:31-33, 24:6-7, John 2:19-22). As those passages show, Jesus knew the details of what was coming and that He would be mocked, insulted, spat on, flogged, crucified, and raised to life on the third day. Since He knew in advance what was going to happen to Him, He did not actually believe that God the Father had forsaken Him on the cross. So why did He say that?

Jesus was called "Rabbi" (e.g., Mark 9:5, 11:21, John 1:38, 49, 3:2, 4:31, 6:25, 9:2, 11:8), and He frequently used rabbinical methods of teaching. One of these methods is called "remez" ("hint"), in which a teacher would use a word or phrase from an Old Testament passage as a way of calling attention to that passage:
"Remez is Hebrew for a hint. Stern (1999:12) defines this method the following way: "a word, phrase or other element in the text hints at a truth not conveyed by the p'shat." Jesus or the gospel writers used remez to hint at Old Testament passages, especially messianic passages to claim, affirm or prove Jesus's Messiahship." (Rabbinical Methods of Instruction Offsite Link)

"Another method Jesus used was alluding, or hinting to, his scriptures. He would use a distinctive word or phrase from a passage in the Old Testament as a way of alluding to all of it.
This was common in his time. In Medieval times this technique was called Remez." (Jesus' Rabbinic Teaching Style Offsite Link)
Psalm 22 is a Messianic psalm, which means that it contains prophecies about Jesus, such as His being mocked and insulted, and His mouth being dry (see John 19:28), and people casting lots for His clothes (see Matthew 27:35), and so on. Then it says that God "has not despised or scorned the suffering of the afflicted one; he has not hidden his face from him but has listened to his cry for help" (Psalm 22:24), which tells us that the Father did not forsake, abandon, withdraw, or turn away from Jesus while He hung on the cross. The psalm finishes with words of victory, saying that "dominion belongs to the LORD and he rules over the nations," and it ends with the phrase, "He has done it" (see John 19:30). So Psalm 22 is a Messianic psalm that begins with suffering and ends in victory, and the very first line in this psalm ("My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?") is what Jesus cried out on the cross to call people's attention to the fact that He was fulfilling this prophecy of the Messiah.


Again, many Christians believe that Jesus died on the cross in our place as our Substitute, taking the punishment that we deserved for our sins. We've seen that Jesus did not receive any punishment on the cross, and sin was not punished on the cross. Jesus did not die on the cross in our place as our Substitute. However, this verse seems to contradict that:
"For Christ also suffered once for sins, the just for [huper] the unjust, that He might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh but made alive by the Spirit" (1 Peter 3:18 NKJV)
Jesus suffered for us, the Just for the unjust, but this does not mean that He was our Substitute. For example, many parents have scrimped and saved and denied themselves anything more than the basic necessities in order to give their children a college education. They suffered "for" their children, the parents for the children, but this does not in any way imply that they were substitutes for their children. If you do something for someone, it doesn't mean that you've substituted yourself for them. Consider the concept of "paying it forward," which is when you do an act of kindness for someone and they repay that by doing an act of kindness for someone else. This is not substitution; this is setting an example.

We can confirm even further that Jesus was not our Substitute because the apostle Peter used the Greek word huper (see 1 Peter 3:18, above) two more times in the entire New Testament:
"For to this you were called, because Christ also suffered for [huper] us, leaving us an example, that you should follow His steps" (1 Peter 2:21 NKJV)

"Therefore, since Christ suffered for [huper] us in the flesh, arm yourselves also with the same mind, for he who has suffered in the flesh has ceased from sin" (1 Peter 4:1 NKJV)
In the above two verses, notice that Peter used the Greek word huper in the context of Jesus suffering for us, just as he did in 1 Peter 3:18 (above). Many Christians believe that Jesus suffered for us by taking the punishment that we deserved for our sins so that we would not have to take the punishment ourselves. But in the above two verses, Peter specifically said that Jesus suffered for us and left us an example to follow, meaning that we must expect to suffer as well. To put this into perspective, imagine a parent telling their adult child, "We suffered and denied ourselves in order to pay the price for your college education, so follow our example if necessary in order to pay the price for your kids' college education." Again, this is not substitution; this is setting an example.

So Jesus was not our Substitute and He did not take the punishment that we deserved so that we would not have to take the punishment ourselves. Instead, Peter said that Jesus suffered for us and that He set an example for us to follow. Therefore, we can all expect to go through seasons of suffering (see my article called Why Do Christians Experience Hard Times and Suffering?).

The root of all sin

(This information comes from chapter 3 in the free PDF of my book called Divine Healing Absolutely Is for Today, and is copied here due to its relevance.)

The Bible doesn't tell us how or when all of the sins of the world were placed onto Jesus. In fact, it doesn't actually say that He took all of the sins of the world to the cross.

It says that He atoned for all of the sins of the world.

Consider that sometimes the Bible says that Jesus was delivered up for and died for and gave Himself for and was the atoning sacrifice for and bore our sins (e.g., Isaiah 53:11-12, Romans 4:25, 1 Corinthians 15:3, Galatians 1:4, 1 Peter 2:24, 1 John 2:2, 4:10). Sometimes it says that He was the atoning sacrifice for the sins of the whole world (e.g., 1 John 2:2). Sometimes it says that He poured out His blood for and bore the sins of many (e.g., Matthew 26:28, Hebrews 9:28). Sometimes it says that He was made sin (singular) and has put away sin (singular) (e.g., John 1:29, 2 Corinthians 5:21, Hebrews 9:26).

So the writers of Scripture used a variety of ways and terms to describe how Jesus atoned for our sins. This means that we need to be cautious about looking at just one or two passages and assuming that "this is what happened." We should try to see the full picture because looking at a partial picture can easily lead us to the wrong conclusions (for more on that, see my article called How to Study the Bible).

In the Old Testament, animals were killed for a number of reasons, sometimes simply for food. The fact that an animal was killed did not automatically make the animal a sin offering. In order to be a sin offering, the appropriate animal needed to be brought to the priest, and a hand needed to be placed on its head, and the animal needed to be killed before the Lord (Leviticus 4:1-35). All of these were the requirements in order for the animal to be one of the sin offerings.

Jesus fulfilled all of the requirements for the atonement rituals in the Law of Moses, yet we don't see anyone placing their hand on His head according to the requirements for a sin offering.

Or do we?

In the Atonement, the Roman soldiers mocked Jesus as the King of the Jews just before taking Him away and crucifying Him (Matthew 27:26-35, Mark 15:15-20, John 19:1-18).

This mocking of the sin offering was not a part of the atonement rituals in the Law of Moses. However, it had a very specific and very critical purpose. While mocking Jesus as the King of the Jews, one of the soldiers placed a crown of thorns on His head. In this way, the requirement of placing a hand on the head of the sin offering was fulfilled.

We're not specifically told that a soldier touched Jesus' head, but He could only be a sin offering if He fulfilled all of the requirements for a sin offering. Therefore, someone placed their hand on His head, transferring sin onto Him. It's very symbolic that sin was transferred to Jesus by a crown of thorns placed on His head as He was made the curse for sin (Galatians 3:13) because thorns are representative of God's original curse for sin (Genesis 3:17-18).

Easton's Bible Dictionary Offsite Link and the Holman Bible Dictionary Offsite Link define sin as disobedience to God's commands, laws, or wishes. It's a rebellion against God caused by self-centered thoughts, desires, or motives, leading to outward acts that are the manifestations of sin. All of the individual sins listed in the Bible (e.g., murder, adultery, lying, stealing) are different manifestations of our disobedience to God, whether we do them intentionally or not.

In order to atone for all of the sins of the world, it was not necessary for Jesus to have all sins throughout all time transferred onto Him. All sins are manifestations of one thing: our disobedience to God.

Transferring just one sin onto Jesus meant that the root sin (so to speak)--disobedience--was transferred onto Him. By putting that root sin to death on the cross, He put to death all of the manifestations of sin that spring from that root. In this way, He put to death and atoned for all of the sins of the world throughout all time. This is why we're told that He took away the sin of the world (John 1:29) and that God made Him to be sin for us (2 Corinthians 5:21) and that He put away sin (Hebrews 9:26). When the Bible speaks of sin in the singular in those verses, it's referring to the fact that there is a root sin (which is manifested in all of our individual sins).

Jesus is referred to as the second Adam and the last Adam because He atoned for the condemnation of all people caused by the first Adam:
Therefore, just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned...Nevertheless, death reigned from the time of Adam to the time of Moses, even over those who did not sin by breaking a command, as did Adam, who is a pattern of the one to come. But the gift is not like the trespass. For if the many died by the trespass of the one man, how much more did God's grace and the gift that came by the grace of the one man, Jesus Christ, overflow to the many! Nor can the gift of God be compared with the result of one man's sin: The judgment followed one sin and brought condemnation, but the gift followed many trespasses and brought justification. For if, by the trespass of the one man, death reigned through that one man, how much more will those who receive God's abundant provision of grace and of the gift of righteousness reign in life through the one man, Jesus Christ! Consequently, just as one trespass resulted in condemnation for all people, so also one righteous act resulted in justification and life for all people. For just as through the disobedience of the one man the many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of the one man the many will be made righteous (Romans 5:12, 14-19)

For since by man came death, by Man also came the resurrection of the dead. For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ all shall be made alive. (1 Corinthians 15:21-22 NKJV)

And so it is written, "The first man Adam became a living being." The last Adam became a life-giving spirit. However, the spiritual is not first, but the natural, and afterward the spiritual. The first man was of the earth, made of dust; the second Man is the Lord from heaven. (1 Corinthians 15:45-47 NKJV)
The above passages say that Adam's one act of disobedience, that one root sin, is the cause of all sin and death entering the world.

Notice the parallels in the above passages:
  • All people are sinners because of one man, the first Adam, who committed one sin and brought condemnation and death to the world by his disobedience. (As we've seen, Jesus is the only exception to this because of the virgin birth.)

  • All people can receive forgiveness of sins because of one man, the second Adam, who took on one sin and brought justification and life to the world by His sacrifice.


As Paul said in the above passages, it only took one sin to bring condemnation onto the whole world.

Similarly, it only took one sin for Jesus to become a sin offering, just as it only took one sin for an animal to become a sin offering in the Old Testament. Jesus took the root sin to the cross and put it to death, purchasing our salvation. He's called the second Adam and the last Adam because He did the same thing as the first Adam but essentially in reverse (as described in the above passages).

Often when God stretches out His hand to perform certain actions, they're actually done by someone else (e.g., Job 1:8-12, 2:3-6, Exodus 7:2-5, Jeremiah 21:1-9, Ezekiel 35:1-8). When the Father laid on Jesus the iniquity (sin) of us all (Isaiah 53:6), He did it by causing the crown of thorns to be placed on Jesus' head. This transferred sin to Jesus by someone's hand touching His head as required in certain atonement rituals.

Why does God's wrath remain on non-Christians?

Through Christ we have died to sin. Sin was destroyed (killed) on the cross, not punished.

But if all manifestations of sin were killed on the cross, then doesn't that include the sin of not believing in Jesus? So why does God's wrath remain on non-Christians (John 3:36)?

Sin was put to death in Jesus when He died, which atoned for all of the sins of the world throughout all time. We become a part of His body at the moment we receive salvation (Romans 12:4-5, 1 Corinthians 10:16-17, 12:12-31, Ephesians 1:13-14, 22-23, 4:14-16, 5:29-30, Colossians 1:18, 24, 2:19), and since His body is dead to sin then we become dead to sin as well (e.g., Colossians 3:2-5). Everyone who is not in the body of Christ is still in their sins (John 8:24, 1 Corinthians 15:17, Colossians 2:13), and this is why God's wrath remains on them.

When a non-Christian steals something, it's a sin. When a Christian steals something, it's a sin that has already been forgiven, but it's wrong and therefore they'll be disciplined (Hebrews 12:5-11). Non-Christians are still slaves to sin, but it's as if they're in jail with the gate wide open. In other words, they can leave their slavery to sin at any time by walking through the gate, which is Jesus (John 10:9). Since sin was put to death in us by being part of Christ's body, we don't need to fear death, and therefore the devil's power over us is disarmed and broken (Hebrews 2:14-15), but we still need to make sure that we're not giving the devil a foothold in our lives (Ephesians 4:26-27, 6:10-18, 1 Peter 5:8-9). The devil's power over non-Christians is not disarmed or broken because they're not a part of Christ's body.


Conclusion

Throughout this series we'll see a number of reasons why Jesus was born as a human, and some of these reasons were accomplished in the Atonement. Here are the purposes or results of the Atonement that are mentioned in this series, plus three others:
  • To atone for sin by putting it to death on the cross. Jesus had human blood but without any sin, and therefore He was able to be the perfect sacrifice for sin. This corrected our broken relationship with God.

  • To ransom and redeem us by offering His life so that humans would be set free from the devil's domain.

  • To disarm the devil and destroy his work.

  • To fulfill the Law of Moses and the prophets, including all of the atonement rituals. Jesus fulfilled and canceled the Old Covenant and the Law of Moses.

  • To initiate the New Covenant and the Law of Christ.

  • To destroy the barrier between Jews and Gentiles (non-Jews), enabling Gentiles to share in the spiritual blessings that God promised to Abraham and his descendants through Isaac and Jacob (i.e., the Jews).

  • To enter the heavenly tabernacle or sanctuary or Most Holy Place and purify it with His blood, which made it possible for righteous people to enter into heaven.

  • To descend to hades and take the righteous captives in paradise up to heaven with Him (after He purified the heavenly tabernacle or sanctuary or Most Holy Place with His blood).

  • To pay the purchase price for the earth and its people as our kinsman-redeemer (just as Jeremiah acted as a kinsman-redeemer for his cousin Hanamel).

  • To restore dominion and rule over the earth to humans. After Jesus returns at the Second Coming, He will set up a kingdom on earth, and then humans will once again take their place as the rightful rulers over the earth (see the End-Times Prophecies menu on my home page).

  • To make it possible for people to receive the indwelling Holy Spirit because Jesus said that He must "go away" to the Father before the Holy Spirit could be received by people. As we'll see in Part Three, Jesus went to the Father twice on the day He was resurrected and returned to the earth that evening.

  • To fulfill three of the seven Feasts of Israel, because Bible scholars point out that Jesus was crucified on Passover, He was buried on the Feast of Unleavened Bread, and He was resurrected on the Feast of First Fruits (see my article called The Rapture of the Church - Part Four).

  • To pay the bride-price and establish a new covenant with the bride (analogous to the marriage covenant in the Jewish marriage system of the first century) as the first step in the marriage between Christ and the Church (see my article called The Rapture of the Church - Part Seven).

  • To purchase physical healing for all humans, because chapter 3 in the free PDF of my book called Divine Healing Absolutely Is for Today shows that physical healing is in the Atonement.



Back to Part One.
Continue on to Part Three.


For the glory of the Lord Jesus, the Christ, the Son of God, who came in the flesh, was delivered over to death for our sins, and was raised to life for our justification.

Dave Root
home page and email: https://www.vividchristianity.com

"Therefore I want you to know that no one who is speaking by the Spirit of God says, "Jesus be cursed," and no one can say, "Jesus is Lord," except by the Holy Spirit." (1 Corinthians 12:3)

"Who is the liar? It is whoever denies that Jesus is the Christ. Such a person is the antichrist - denying the Father and the Son. No one who denies the Son has the Father; whoever acknowledges the Son has the Father also." (1 John 2:22-23)

"If anyone acknowledges that Jesus is the Son of God, God lives in them and they in God." (1 John 4:15)

"Dear friends, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God, because many false prophets have gone out into the world. This is how you can recognize the Spirit of God: Every spirit that acknowledges that Jesus Christ has come in the flesh is from God, but every spirit that does not acknowledge Jesus is not from God. This is the spirit of the antichrist, which you have heard is coming and even now is already in the world." (1 John 4:1-3)

"And this is love: that we walk in obedience to his commands. As you have heard from the beginning, his command is that you walk in love. I say this because many deceivers, who do not acknowledge Jesus Christ as coming in the flesh, have gone out into the world. Any such person is the deceiver and the antichrist." (2 John 1:6-7)

"He was delivered over to death for our sins and was raised to life for our justification." (Romans 4:25)
 
 
Modification History
  • 07/06/2024 - Added an update in the Introduction section.

  • 06/20/2024 - Added a link to my article called "Cheat Sheet" in the section called "An illustration of a ransom."

  • 06/04/2024 - Added a link to my article called "Why Do Christians Experience Hard Times and Suffering?" in the section called "Sin was put to death, not punished."

  • 05/28/2024 - Added a link to my article called "Cheat Sheet" in the section called "An illustration of a ransom."

  • 05/16/2024 - Added a discussion of 1 Peter 3:18 in the section called "Sin was put to death, not punished."

  • 05/14/2024 - Added a comment about 2 Samuel 24:1-17 and 1 Chronicles 21:1-17 in the section called "God's domain and the devil's domain."

  • 04/19/2024 - Slightly modified the 5th bullet point in the section called "An illustration of a ransom." Slightly modified the 4th bullet point in the section called "Prophecies." Slightly modified the section called "Sin was put to death, not punished." Slightly modified the 7th bullet point in the Conclusion section.

  • 12/31/2023 - Slightly modified the section called "The virgin birth." Modified the 4th bullet point in the section called "Prophecies."

  • 09/22/2023 - Slightly modified the section called "An illustration of a ransom."

  • 05/17/2023 - Modified the definition of sin in the section called "The root of all sin."

  • 04/07/2023 - Added more information under "An illustration of a ransom."

  • 01/10/2023 - Changed the passages in a couple of places which show that Jesus was our sin offering. Added a link to my article called "Our Lives Are Not Predestined" in the section called "Sin Was Put to Death, Not Punished."

  • 01/02/2023 - Added a discussion of Isaiah 53:8 in the section called "Sin Was Put to Death, Not Punished."

  • 12/14/2022 - Slightly modified the section called "Why Does God's Wrath Remain on Non-Christians?"

  • 09/25/2022 - Moved the section called "What Happens When We Receive Salvation?" to my article called How to Receive Salvation.

  • 07/28/2022 - Modified the section called "Why Was Jesus' Blood Able to Atone for Our Sins?" Modified the section called "Sin Was Put to Death, Not Punished." Modified the section called "Why Does God's Wrath Remain on Non-Christians?"

  • 07/23/2022 - Modified my closing statement.

  • 04/26/2022 - Deleted the section called "Why the Long Delay?" because that information is in my article called End-Times Prophecies Are Coming to Pass Right before Our Eyes (see sign #20). Renamed the "Summary" section to "Conclusion" and deleted the unnecessary summary paragraphs.

  • 04/14/2022 - Changed the title of my book because I discovered a couple of existing books with "Healing Is for Today" in their names.

  • 03/25/2022 - Changed the heading of the first section from "Jesus Was Our Substitute, but Not in the Way That Most People Think" to "Jesus Was Not Our Substitute." Modified several places to say that He gave His life as a ransom, but He was not our Substitute.

  • 12/02/2021 - Modified the section called "Why the Long Delay?"

  • 11/03/2021 - Made the font size a bit bigger and added a fish symbol as a favicon (which is displayed in the browser tab).

  • 09/08/2021 - Added a comment that the first-century Jewish leaders should have seen that the prophecies for confirming the arrival of the long-awaited Messiah were being fulfilled by Jesus.

  • 05/07/2021 - Modified the sections called "Sin Was Put to Death, Not Punished" and "The Root of All Sin" based on the free PDF of my book called Divine Healing Absolutely Is for Today.

  • 04/23/2021 - Modified the definition of "sin."

  • 12/19/2020 - Added more information in the section called "The Virgin Birth."

  • 10/22/2020 - Modified the explanation of how sin was transferred onto Jesus in the section called "Sin Was Put to Death, Not Punished."

  • 08/30/2020 - Modified the definition of sin in the section called "Why Does God's Wrath Remain on Non-Christians?"

  • 07/22/2020 - New article.